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SLH Neuro - SHS 5760 > Lecture 2: The Neuron Part 1 (Anatomy) > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Neuron Part 1 (Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons are __________ cells that transmit ____________ either _________ or _________

A

Excitable
Information
Electrically or chemically

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2
Q

Peripheral sensory cells (aka ________ cells) are specialized to receive certain ____ of _______ (examples: ________, ________, _____)

A

Receptor
Types of stimuli
Chemical, mechanical, light

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3
Q

Neurons produce similar ________ but can cause diverse _______ in the ____

A

Signals

Effects in the body

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4
Q

What are the 3 reasons neurons can cause such diverse effects in the body?

A

1) thier pattern of connectivity is unique in each person
2) the type of neurotransmitters they release/respond to
3) their connections to different sensory or motor systems

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5
Q

What are the two names for the main portion of a neuron?

A

1) cell body

2) soma

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6
Q

What does the soma house?

A

Organelles

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7
Q

What is the neuronal membrane?

A

The external boundary of the cell

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8
Q

What are the two functions of the neuronal membrane?

A

1) houses organelles and cytosol

2) allows transport of proteins from outside in and inside out

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9
Q

The neuronal membrane is ____-permeable. What does that mean?

A

Semi-

Some material pass through but others don’t

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10
Q

How is the neuronal membrane formed?

A

A double layer of phospholipids

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11
Q

The neuronal membrane effectively ________ the _________ __________ from the __________ ________.

A

Separates
Extracellular environment
Intracellular cytosol

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12
Q

Which side of the neuronal membrane faces out and which faces in?

A

Polar “head” faces out and the nonpolar “tail” faces in

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13
Q

Protein complexes in the neuronal membrane are also called __________. They are ____-like and can ____ and ______ easily

A

Transporters
Fluid-like
Move and stretch

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14
Q

What is the purpose of transporters?

A

Keep some things out but let others in

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15
Q

What forms the shape and frame of the neuron?

A

Ctyoskeleton

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of “bones” in cytoskeleton?

A

1) microtubules
2) neurofilaments
3) microfilaments

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17
Q

Which cytoskeleton material has the largest and which has the narrowest diameter?

A

Largest: microtubules
Smallest: microfilaments

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18
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

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19
Q

What are neurofilaments composed of?

A

Multiple different sub-units

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20
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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21
Q

Which cytoskeleton material influences cell shape?

A

Microfilaments

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22
Q

What is the location of DNA in the form of chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 in 23 pairs

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24
Q

How many autosomal pairs and how many of sex pairs of chromosomes of humans have?

A

22 autosomal pair

1 sex pair

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25
Each pair of human chromosomes includes what from who?
1 chromosome from the mother and 1 chromosome from the father
26
Chromosomes are the physical structures composed of what?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
27
Genes are segments of ____
DNA
28
Genes are series of _____ of ___________ ___________
Pairs | Nucleotide molecules
29
Genes form ___________ for the production of ________ to effect changes in _______ ________
Blueprints Proteins Cellular phenotype
30
DNA is __________ to make mRNA
Transcribed
31
The ______ _____ structure of the DNA ______ and single stranded ______ is transcribed from the ___
Double helix Unzips mRNA DNA
32
RNA is ________ to make proteins
Translated
33
Different combinations of ____ pairs code for different ____ _____
Base | Amino acids
34
Amino acids combine to form what?
Proteins
35
Proteins are crucial for maintaining cell _______ and ________ cells after _______
Integrity Repairing Injury
36
Proteins express the ________ of the cell from the underlying ______
Phenotype | Genotype
37
What is the site of protein synthesis and folding called?
Endoplasmic reticulum
38
The endoplasmic reticulum ________ RNA to synthesize _______
Translates | Proteins
39
What is the site of protea in synthesis called?
Ribosomes
40
Where are ribosomes located?
Either free in cytosol or attached to the ER
41
What is the site of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
42
Mitochondria is the place in the cell where _____ is generated, it uses _______ and ______ sugar to produce ____ through ________
Energy Oxygen and glucose ATP Respiration
43
Defects in the mitochondria or its _________ can have major _______ effects on the cell
Respiration | Negative
44
All mitochondrial DNA comes from where?
The mother
45
Mitochondria replicate __________ of the cell
Independently
46
Mitochondria have their own ____, with _________ base pairs
DNA | 16,659
47
ATP can ____ and _____ energy in the cells
Create and store
48
ATP can donate a ______ _____ to proteins, this is called ____________ and is catalyze by _____ _______
Phosphate group Phosphorylation Protein kinases
49
ATP turns _______ on and off
Protein
50
ATP liberates a tremendous amount of _____ for what in the cell?
Energy | Chemical reactions
51
If you take away a phosphate group from ATP what do you have?
ADP
52
What is the blanket term for projections emerging from the cell body?
Neurites
53
What are the two main types of nuerites?
1) axons | 2) dendrites
54
Axons are ____ neurites that allow the neuron to do what?
Long | Transmit signal over some distances
55
Where does an axon arise from?
conical end of the soma, aka the axon hillock
56
Why can’t axons create protein?
They dont have rough ER or ribosomes
57
The axons membrane is different than the _____
Soma’s
58
What insulates the axon?
Myelin sheath
59
What is a myelin sheath?
A fatty, insulating sheet that covers the axon
60
What is the purpose of an axon?
Speed up the transmission of information down the azon
61
What are the nodes of ranvier?
Interruptions in the myelin sheath
62
What is the purpose of the nodes of ranvier?
Allow sodium in to propagate the action potential down the axon
63
myelin is derived to the axons by what two things?
1) Schwann cell | 2) oligodendrocyte
64
What forms myelin sheaths around the axon in the PNS?
Schwann cels
65
What forms myelin sheaths around the axons in the CNS?
Oligodedrocyte
66
Axon _______ are the large branches of the axon
Collaterals
67
What are the points of contact between cells called?
Synapses
68
What is an axodendritic synapse?
The axon divides in to small thread-like projections into the dendrite
69
What is an axosomatic synapse?
Terminates at one point on the cell body
70
What is an axoaxonic synapse?
Two axons connect
71
What is the method by which materials are transported to/from the soma to/from the length of the axon called?
Axoplasmic transport
72
Retrograde transport is from the ____ to the _____
Axon to the soma
73
Anterograde transport is from the ____ to the _____
Soma to the axon
74
Microtubules are critical for _______ transport
Vesicle
75
What are dendrites?
Thin neurites dense with synapses
76
What are the 3 types of neurons?
1) unipolar 2) bipolar 3) multipolar
77
What is a neuron that has one main neurites emanating from the soma called?
Unipolar
78
What is a neuron that has two main nuerites emanating from the soma called?
Bipolar
79
What is a neuron that has more than two main neurites emanating from the soma called?
Multipolar

SLH Neuro - SHS 5760 (3 decks)

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