Lecture 20- Prokaryotes and Diversity and Biological Roles

Question 1

metagenomics

Answer 1

used to examine bacterial genomes from environmental samples, many undescribed

Question 2

proteobacteria

Answer 2

BACTERIA, gram-negative including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs (many pathogens)

Question 3

Chlamydias

Answer 3

BACTERIA, all parasitize animal cells, gram-negative walls lacking peptidoglycan, host specific

Question 4

Spirochetes

Answer 4

BACTERIA, helical, gram-negative, heterotrophs, spiral through environment using rotating internal filaments (free living and pathogens)

Question 5

cyanobacteria

Answer 5

BACTERA, gram-negative photoautotrophs, The Great Oxidation Event

Question 6

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 6

BACTERIA, diverse group, some colony forming including pathogens and soil decomposers,

Question 7

archaea

Answer 7

almost a bridge between bacteria and eukaryotes

Question 8

extremophiles

Answer 8

archaea that live in extreme environment; halophiles SALINE, thermophiles TEMPERATURES

Question 9

methanogens

Answer 9

archaea that are obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism, diverse environments

Question 10

TACK

Answer 10

supergroup composed of the remaining closely-related clades of archaea

Question 11

Lokiarchaeotes

Answer 11

(shape shifting things) represent sister group (asgard archaea) of eukaryotes

Question 12

chemical recycling

Answer 12

prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components; decomposition and mineralization, releases nutrients as simple soluble and organic/inorganic compounds for other organisms

Question 13

chemical conversion

Answer 13

convert molecules to forms that can be used by other organisms

Question 14

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Answer 14

transform atmospheric nitrogen into forms available to other organisms (ex. rhizobia)

Question 15

symbioses

Answer 15

long term biololgical interaction between two different species that live in close physical and/or physiological contact with each other

Question 16

symbiont

Answer 16

the smaller of the pair

Question 17

host

Answer 17

larger of the pair, often viewed as habitats of the symbiont (eex. hawaiian bobtail squid and vibrio fischeri)

Question 18

parasitism

Answer 18

host harmed by symbiont

Question 19

commensalism

Answer 19

host not affected by symbiont

Question 20

mutualism

Answer 20

host gains direct benefit form symbiont

Question 21

human microbiome

Answer 21

hosts to millions of prokaryotes that compose microbiota

Question 22

normal flora

Answer 22

composed oof microorganisms on body surfaces of healthy individuals

Question 23

competitive exclusion

Answer 23

beneficial microorganisms serve as physical barrier to prevent the invasion of pathogens by 1. covers binding sites, 2. compete for nutrients from host, 3. exude antimicrobial peptides MUTUALISTIC; skin and human microbiome

Question 24

food production

Answer 24

humans reap many benefits from bacteria including production oof many foods: cheese, yogurt, beer and wine, pepperoni, soy sauce

Question 25

DNA technology

Answer 25

DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus is used in PCR DNA amplification technique

Question 26

CRISPR-Cas9 System

Answer 26

developed into a gene altering tool, study HIV