Lecture 21 4/29/24 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the unifying characteristics of Diptera?

-one pair of functional wings
-one pair of halteres used for balance
-complete metamorphosis
-most lay eggs

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What is viviparous reproduction?

deposition of larvae

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Which flies are capable of serving as disease vectors?

-horse/deer flies
-mosquitoes
-sand flies
-tsetse flies
-face/horn flies
-biting midges

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What is myiasis?

invasion of living tissue by fly larvae, producing a pathological condition

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What is facultative myiasis?

fly larvae usually eat dead meat, but may become parasitic

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What is obligatory myiasis?

fly larvae cannot develop outside of host; require living flesh

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How do male and female mosquitoes differ?

-males feed on nectar and are pollinators
-females feed on blood

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Why must all stages of mosquito development stay on the water surface or on land?

they are dependent on oxygen

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What is the life cycle of mosquitoes?

-mosquitoes lay eggs on land/near water
-eggs hatch into larvae, which are aquatic
-larvae develop into pupae, which are aquatic
-pupae hatch into adults, which live on land

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Which three mosquito genera are of importance?

-Anopheles
-Aedes
-Culex

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What are the characteristics of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes?

-single eggs with floats
-angled hind end

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What are the characteristics of Aedes spp. mosquitoes?

-single eggs on “dry” surface
-horizontal hind end

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What are the characteristics of Culex spp. mosquitoes?

-floating egg raft
-horizontal hind end

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Which diseases can be spread by Aedes spp. mosquitoes?

-yellow fever
-dengue
-chikungunya
-zika
-heartworm
-eastern equine encephalitis

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Where do Aedes spp. tend to breed?

small areas of water, such as in tree holes or tires

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Which diseases can be spread by Culex spp. mosquitoes?

-west nile
-St. Louis encephalitis virus
-avian malaria
-heartworm
-western equine encephalitis

Which diseases can be spread by Anopheles spp. mosquitoes?

-malaria
-heartworm
-eastern equine encephalitis

What are the characteristics of Nematocera Simuliidae/black flies?

-small, stout bodied flies with short mouthparts
-black/gray/yellow brown
-breed in running water
-females require blood meal for egg maturation

What does it mean for Simuliidae to have exerate pupa?

the appendages are free and sometimes mobile

Which parasites are vectored by Simuliidae?

-Onchocerca spp.
-Dirofilaria ursi
-Leucocytozoon
-Trypanosoma

What are the characteristics of Nematocera Ceratopogonidae/biting midges?

-tiny flies that can pass through window screens
-long, slender antennae
-short mouthparts
-breed in water, decaying vegetation, or soils
-can cause a pruritic hypersensitivity reaction

Which diseases are vectored by biting midges?

-bluetongue
-African horse sickness
-epizootic hemorrhagic disease
-Onchocerca spp.

What are the characteristics of Brachycera Tabanidae/horse flies?

-“Aquatic,” found in muddy/marshy areas
-females require blood meal for egg maturation
-larvae may overwinter and pupate in spring

What are the characteristics of Tabanidae/horse fly pathogenesis?

-attacks and painful bites cause exhaustion
-mechanical vector for Anaplasma, anthrax, tularemia, EIA virus, and Besnoitia protozoa
-biological vector of nematodes such as Loa loa and Elaeophora schneideri

What are the characteristics of Cyclorrhapha?

-breed in decaying plant and animal material, manure or carrion -DO NOT breed in water -puparium opens with circular lid -posterior spiracles trunks -antennae have 3 segments with an arista -parasitic adults or larvae

What are the characteristics of Cyclorrhapha Gasterophilidae?

-adult resembles a honey bee -deposits eggs on horse -larvae hatch and migrate through horse's mouth to stomach -L3 remain in stomach for up to a year before passing in feces to pupate -may be pathogenic due to lesions caused by mouth hooks

What are the two species of Gaterophilidae?

-G. nasalis: in intestines -G. intestinalis: in stomach

What are the two species of Cyclorrhapha Hypodermatidae?

-Hypoderma bovis: along spinal cord -Hypoderma lineatum: along esophagus

What are the characteristics of Hypodermatidae?

-live on cattle -cause cattle to become excited -L3 seen as lumps on back of cattle in spring -ruin hides used for leather -eggs glued to hairs on legs -larvae burrow through skin and migrate through connective tissue

What are the characteristics of Hypodermatidae treatment?

-treatment when larvae are grouped around spinal cord/esophagus can cause adverse reactions -treat no later than 8-12 weeks before anticipated appearance of warbles -in TN, do not treat after Halloween

What are the characteristics of Cuterebra spp.?

-L3 is large, dark brown to black, with spines -L1 hatches from egg, crawls onto host's fur, and enters body through orifices -larvae end up in SQ connective tissue -may go to the brain, nasal, or oral regions -cats and dogs are accidental hosts

What are the characteristics of Musca autumnalis/face flies?

-adults crawl about faces of horses and cattle -4 dark stripes on thorax -eggs deposited in fresh feces -larvae pupate in dried feces or nearby soil -pupa are white

Which species/diseases are vectored by Musca autumnalis/face flies?

biologic vector: Thelazia spp. mechanical vector: infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

What are the characteristics of Haematobia irritans/horn flies?

-found on backs of cattle and horses -remain on host during warmer seasons -bite and suck blood -lay eggs in fresh manure -larvae feed on manure -overwinter as pupae in temperate areas -cause irritation, weight loss, and milk production loss -biological vector of Stephanofilaria

What are the characteristics of Stomoxys calcitrans/stable flies?

-slightly larger than house flies -4 longitudinal stripes on thorax -broad abdomen with checkerboard of spots -breed in piles of decomposing vegetation or manure -vicious biters -both sexes feed on blood

What are the characteristics of C. hominivorax/screw worm?

-female flies are attracted to wounds -can lead to secondary infections -sterilized males used for control in US -eradicated in US; cases should be reported -treatment via OPs, carbamate, pyrethroid

What are the characteristics of Hippoboscidae?

-dorsoventrally flattened -may/may not have wings -antennae in pits in sides of head -piercing mouthparts -females retain larvae until they are ready to pupate

What are the characteristics of Melophagus ovinus/sheep ked?

-female deposits L3 onto hairs, where it pupates -pierce skin to feed on blood -sheep scratch and bite themselves -excrement permanently discolors wool -can cause anemia -entire life cycle occurs on sheep -hosts a nonpathogenic Trypanosoma parasite