Lecture 21 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Describe the epithelium that lines the nares and include specialized structures that can be found in this epithelium.
Stratified squamous epithelium that is continuous with the epidermis.
This epithelium contains sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles
Characterize the respiratory epithelium and include it’s features (2 of them)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Features a lamina propria (thin layer of loose CT) and Submucosa (Dense irregular CT)
In terms of their functions in the olfactory epithelium, explain Sustentacular cells, Basal cells, Olfactory cells, and Glands of Bowman
Sustentacular cells: support cells with pigment granules
Basal cells: are stems cells (give rise to olfactory cells) that feature pigment granules
Olfactory cells: bipolar neurons that feature an apical end that projects into the nasal cavity as a “knoblike” ending with nonmotile cilia
Olfactory cells senesce and are replaced from the basal cells
Glands of Bowman: glands located in the lamina propria that feature an odor-binding protein that binds to odorant molecules in the nasal cavity
Secrete odorant-binding protein
Explain how exactly Olfactory cells detect odors with their cilia that extend into the nasal cavity
These cilia possess G-protein-linked odor-specific receptors
The basal end of the cell extends as an unmyelinated axon, bundled with other similar axons, through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells located in the olfactory bulb
List the 3 main structures considered to be part of the larynx and specify the type of epithelium that covers the larynx itself.
Epiglottis
False vocal cords
True vocal cords
The larynx itself is covered with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Describe the epiglottis in terms of it’s 2 surfaces, and the composition of it’s core
Epiglottis has a lingual surface, pharyngeal surface, and the core of epiglottis elastic cartilage
Lingual surface: stratified squamous epithelium and a lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers
Pharyngeal surface: covered with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and have a lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands
Core of the epiglottis: elastic cartilage
Compare the true and false vocal cords in terms of the tissue type they are covered in and any glands/lamina they may feature
False vocal cords (vestibular folds): covered with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and a lamina with seromucous glands
PART of the false vocal cords also features stratified squamous epithelium (this part may encounter some surface abrasions)
True vocal cords: covered with stratified squamous epithelium and LACK seromucous glands in their lamina propria
State and describe the 3 layers of the trachea and any glands/lamina/features they have.
Mucosa: respiratory epithelium with thick basement membrane and a lamina propria with a delicate FECT and lymphatic tissue
Submucosa: features many sero-mucous glands
Adventitia: are 16-20 horshoe-shaped cartilages that are connected by FECT
The opening between the arms of the horseshoe-shaped cartilages closed by (FECT, mucous membrane, and smooth muscles (trachealis muscles))
Has mixed glands and capillaries
beginning with the bronchi and ending with the alveolar duct, list the order that air flows through respiratory passages
Bronchi –>
secondary bronchi –>
terminal bronchiole –>
respiratory bronchiole –>
alveolar duct
As the bronchi become smaller, there is a _____ in the height of the epithelium, a ______ in the cartilage and glands, and an ______ in the proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles
decrease
decrease
increase
Compare type I alveolar cells and type II alveolar cells (function and location)
Type I alveolar type: Less numerous than type II pneumocytes and they cover the largest surface area
Found in the walls of the alveoli and septa
Type II alveolar type: cuboidal or rounded and serve as stem cells for type I and type II pneumocytes
Found in the walls of the alveoli and septa
What is the following describing?
have a basal lamina that may be fused with the basal lamina of nearby capillaries, and they are held to other type I pneumocytes via tight junctions
These cover about 95% of the alveolar surface and have very thin cytoplasm
Type I pneumocytes
What is the following describing?
rounded cells that bulge into the alveolar lumen and cover about 5% of the alveolar surface
They can divide to replace type I pneumocytes and produce a phospholipid-protein surfactant that coats the alveolar walls
Type II pneumocytes
True or False: Type I pneumocytes and Type I alveolar cells are synonyms for the same term. explain
True
What are the walls of the alveoli and septa composed of?
Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes) , type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes) and macrophages (called dust cells in the lungs)
Describe neuroendocrine cells in terms of what they contain, their function, and what they may be associated with
Neuroendocrine Cells: small granule cells the release catecholamines
May be associated with sensory reception and are more prevalent in infants
Describe dust cells origin and their function
Dust cells: macrophages (called dust cells when found in the lungs) that are derived from monocytes
Dust cells phagocytize particles such as pollutants, bacteria, and surfactant that are not trapped in the mucous and expectorated
Dust cells can play a major role in diagnosing a serious condition. State the condition and how dust cells are used to diagnose it.
Dust cells are related to CHF (congestive heart failure): in CHF, fluid containing the breakdown products of hemoglobin (iron-copntaining hemosiderin) leaks into the alveolar spaces and are phagocytized by the dust cells
These iron-containing dust cells are referred to as “heart failure cells”
Define pore of Kohn
Openings between adjacent alveoli
The blood-air barrier serves what protective function?
The blood-air barrier does not allow fluids or cells to enter the alveoli (normally)
State the 2 components of the blood-air barrier
Thin capillary endothelium (continuous endothelium)
Thin epithelium of pneumocyte
Intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types
