Lecture 2.1: Biochem Review

Question 1

How are metabolic processes separated

Answer 1

by specific organs, cell tissues, and molecule conformation (shape)

Question 2

what make up the team of helper molecules

Answer 2

enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors

Question 3

8 universal biochemical features of plant metabolism

Answer 3

1. takes place in regular living conditions
2. revolves around pathways controlled by enzymes
3. Genes control enzymes
4. Use energy associated with chemical bonds
5. Uses protons, electrons, and charges
6. has apolar and polar regions
7. Usually like aerobic conditions
8. Can build products and break things down

Question 4

what are the regular living conditions that plant metabolism takes place in

Answer 4

above freezing to 45-50C and normal ambient atmospheric pressure

Question 5

what conditions does inorganic/organic chem happen in

Answer 5

extreme pressures and temperatures

Question 6

How do enzymes act like catalysts

Answer 6

they lower the heat of activation, allow intermediate steps to occur, and increase the frequency of molecular collision

Question 7

How do genes control enzymes

Answer 7

they have the info to make and encode proteins and enzymes

Question 8

what is the chemical bond typically used by plants to use energy and why

Answer 8

phosphate bonds. They activate molecules like in ATP

Question 9

Gibbs Free Energy

Answer 9

determines if a reaction can happen or not (measured in joules)

Question 10

processes that give out heat = (positive or negative)

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

processes that require heat = (negative or positive)

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

Is ATP or ADP stronger

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

how do plants activate sugars and proteins

Answer 13

by adding a phosphate group to them

Question 14

ADP

Answer 14

adenosine-di-phosphate

Question 15

ATP

Answer 15

adenosine-tri-phosphate

Question 16

How do plants use charge

Answer 16

use redox reaction, oxidations, and reductions

Question 17

what are the 3 molecules used to use charge (oxidized/reduced)

Answer 17

NAD/NADH; NADP/NADPH; FAD/FADH2

Question 18

enzymes

Answer 18

proteins that act as a catalyst to the steps in pathways

Question 19

proteins

Answer 19

a polymer made of amino acids

Question 20

what do enzymes often work together with in metabolism

Answer 20

coenzymes and metal cofactors

Question 21

what do metal cofactors do

Answer 21

they allow the enzyme to change a substrate bond

Question 22

How are enzymes catagorized

Answer 22

arranged in classes depending on roles

Question 23

why do some enzymes have more than one name?

Answer 23

because of history and developing names as discoveries are made

Question 24

pathway

Answer 24

a series of steps where molecule A is changed to B to C…. to N

Question 25

substrate

Answer 25

the molecule that is about to be converted in a step

Question 26

product

Answer 26

the result of the reaction step (usually controlled by an enzyme)

Question 27

_____ are usually reversible

Answer 27

enzymes

Question 28

autocatalyzed/feedforward mechanism

Answer 28

when the production of a product makes a pathway fun faster

Question 29

feedback mechanism

Answer 29

when the production of a product makes a pathway run slower

Question 30

equilibrium

Answer 30

the reaction is steady and there are equal amounts of 2 forms of a molecule or reaction

Question 31

isomer

Answer 31

mirror image (like a left and right foot)

Question 32

cis

Answer 32

kinked but straight form

Question 33

trans

Answer 33

bent form like a boat

Question 34

how are fatty acids catagorized

Answer 34

categorized as cis or trans depending on the hydrogenation of their long tails

Question 35

analog

Answer 35

a slightly different version of a base molecule that differs due to variation of a side group

Question 36

monomer

Answer 36

a single molecule

Question 37

dimer

Answer 37

2 molecules bonded together

Question 38

trimer

Answer 38

3 molecules bonded together

Question 39

oligomer

Answer 39

several (4-5) molecules bonded together

Question 40

polymer

Answer 40

is a long sting of molecules that can be identical or vary

Question 41

hydrolysis

Answer 41

breaking a bond when water is added

Question 42

dehydration

Answer 42

removal of water

Question 43

hydration

Answer 43

addition of water

Question 44

aerobic

Answer 44

oxygen needs to be present

Question 45

Anaerobic

Answer 45

takes place in low-no oxygen

Question 46

lipophiliic

Answer 46

mostly apolar

Question 47

phosphorylation

Answer 47

product or molecule or protein is energized by adding a phosphate group and hence the energy of a phosphate bond

Question 48

hydrophilic

Answer 48

water loving/polar

Question 49

hydrophobic

Answer 49

water hating/apolar

Question 50

gas exchange

Answer 50

when a process requires the substrate in gas form, usually as CO2 or O2

Question 51

Uptake

Answer 51

roots obtaining something

Question 52

catabolism

Answer 52

breakdown

Question 53

apoptosis

Answer 53

damage control or death when cells are damaged

Question 54

senescence

Answer 54

when the plant undergoes the process of dying