Lecture 21: blood and immune

Question 1

Major components of blood

Answer 1

• Cells (all originate in the bone marrow from a single stem cell)
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Electrolytes
• Vitamins, hormones
• Glucose (energy source for glycolysis and the kreb cycle

CPLEVG

Question 2

Cells

Answer 2

Erythyroid
Myeloid
Lymphoid
Platelets

Question 3

Erythyroid

Answer 3

Carries Oxygen via the major protein haemoglobin

~5-6 million/ml

Question 4

Myeloid

Answer 4

white cells provide innate immunity

Question 5

Lymphoid

Answer 5

White cells provide adaptive immunity

Question 6

Platelets

Answer 6

blood clotting and tissue repair

~400,000/ml

Question 7

Proteins

Answer 7

Albumin
Haemoblobin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins
100s more proteins at much lower amounts

AHFIH

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

makes up 50% of total protein in blood. prevents change in pH and osmolarity

Question 9

Haemoblobin

Answer 9

in RBC, has iron, binds and transports O2 and CO2

Question 10

Fibrinogen

Answer 10

for coagulatoin

Question 11

Immunoglobulins

Answer 11

antibodies provide hihgly specific immunity

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

bound in lipoproteins, High, Low and Very low density

HDL(good), LDL (Bad), VLDL (very bad)

Question 13

Electrolytes

Answer 13

salts and minerals

Question 14

Adult blood volume

Answer 14

~5L, 14,000L circulates every 24hrs.

Question 15

Large vessels

Answer 15

close the heart. High volume/low flow

Question 16

Small capillaries

Answer 16

in tissue

Low volume/high pressure

Question 17

Blood pressure

Answer 17

120(systole)/80(diastole)

Question 18

systole

Answer 18

max arterial pressure when LV contracts

Question 19

diastole

Answer 19

min arterial pressure when the heart is in between beats

Question 20

Hypotension

Answer 20

(too low), and blood doesnt flow through capillaries 0 low O2 high CO2

Question 21

Hypertension

Answer 21

(too high) and capillary rupture bleeding, abnormal clotting and stroke

Question 22

O2/CO2 exchange in the lung

Answer 22

1. The lung provides a vast surface for efficient exchange of O 2 and CO2.
2. Oxyhaemoglobin (bright red) is carried from the lungs to the tissue by arteries.
3. CO2 replaces O2 in the tissue
4. Carbaminohaemoglobin (dark red) is carried back to the lungs
5. O2 replaces CO2 in the lung

Question 23

Haem and haemoglobin

Answer 23

O2 readily associates in the lungs and
dissociates in the tissues. CO2 is vice versa

Question 24

Other molecules
readily displace O 2
from haem

Answer 24

cyanide (cherry red)
and carbon monoxide
(pinkish)

Question 25

Location and values

Answer 25

Question 26

Innate

Answer 26

Monocyte - become macrophages (phagocytic) Neutrophil (the most abundant, phagocytic) Eosinophils Basophil

Question 27

Adaptive immunity

Answer 27

B and T cells (antibodies and cullular immunity)

Question 28

CD34+

Answer 28

Question 29

CD34+ meaning

Answer 29

Every cell development stage is characterised by a unique set of cell surface molecules Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are powerful reagents (see later lecture) that can selectively bind a specific molecule like CD34. Panels of fluorescent or magnetic mAbs are used to immunophenotype. Used diagnostically to quickly determine if you have a blood disease e.g. AIDS (low CD4 count) or leukaemia (very high leukocyte count)

Question 30

Cell separation

Answer 30

MACS (immunogenic cell sorting) FACS (Fluroscenece-Activated Cell sorting)

Question 31

Immunophenotyping

Answer 31

powerful tool to quantify and isolate individual cell populations from complex mixtures using mAb reagents

Question 32

Coagulation

Answer 32

is the clevage of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 33

Plasma

Answer 33

viscous liquid fraction after centrifugation of cells. Requires an anti-coagulant such as heparin. contains fibrinogen.

Question 34

SERUM

Answer 34

Clear viscous yellow liquid remaining after coagulation and separation of the fibrin clot and trapped cells on the bottom.

Question 35

2 main activation pathways

Answer 35

Question 36

Coagulation

Answer 36

is a proteolytic activation cascade

Question 37

2 pathways for activation

Answer 37

Intrinsic Extrinsic

Question 38

Intrinsic

Answer 38

caused by contact with surfaces (eg glass tube/prosthetic heart valve)

Question 39

Extrinsic

Answer 39

caused by tissue damage (cut, bruise/infection)

Question 40

Factor X (10)

Answer 40

key enzyme common in both pathways

Question 41

Calcium

Answer 41

essential for # of steps, if removed blood doesn't clot

Question 42

Thrombin

Answer 42

key enzyme that clevages fibrinogen to firbin which cross-links to form a clot

Question 43

Haemophilia

Answer 43

bleeding disorder caused by a defective clotting factor

Question 44

Many parasites and other microbes

Answer 44

that rely on blood produce powerful anti-coagulants that typically target the thrombin step

Question 45

Plasminogen

Answer 45

converted to plasmin, dissolves the fibrin clot (thrombolysis)

Question 46

TPA

Answer 46

tissue plasminogen activator /streptokinase treatment of thromboses

Question 47

Complement

Answer 47

first line of defence against invading pathogens

Question 48

Neutrophils

Answer 48

neutrophil is sensing chemicals released by the bacterium. These chemicals arise from complement proteins that have coated the bacteria (called opsonization) and “attract” neutrophils which then engulf (phagocytose) the bacterium chemoattraction

Question 49

enzyme of activation of complement protein

Answer 49

very stable enzyme - convertases

Question 50

Complement

Answer 50

is a proteolytic activation cascade, essential in innate immunity

Question 51

C3

Answer 51

most abundant complement component in serum

Question 52

Complement (activated by 3 pathways)

Answer 52

The classical pathway is mediated by antibodies IgM or IgG binding to a microbe surface which is then bound by complement C1.

Question 53

Lectin (Pathway)

Answer 53

involves complement components that recognise unique sugars on bacteria

Question 54

alternate pathway

Answer 54

is probably the most important and involves direct activation of C3 when in close contacts with the surface of a bacteria

Question 55

Opsonisation

Answer 55

Deposition of complement on microbes is essential for phagocytosis

Question 56

convertases

Answer 56

Deposited complexes. These activate more complement in an amplification loop (i.e. the alternate pathway)

Question 57

Convertases

Answer 57

are irreversibly bound through a covalent bond.

Question 58

Cleavage

Answer 58

of C3, C4 and especially C5 produce small fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are powerful chemoattractants called anaphylatoxins that attract and activate phagocytes.

Question 59

The end stage of complement (C5 onwards) forms

Answer 59

a lytic pore that cause some bacteria to lyse. This is the Membrane Attack Complex or MAC

Question 60

People with deficiencies in a complement component

Answer 60

are susceptible to chronic infections.