Lecture 21 Blood and Immune

Question 1

Large blood vessels have

Answer 1

High volume/ low flow

Question 2

Small vessels

Answer 2

Low volume/ high flow

Question 3

2 things that blood pressure ensures

Answer 3

Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries, and low enough blood pressure to prevent capillary leakage, and high enough to avoid coagulation.

Question 4

Leukocytes are responsible for:

Answer 4

Immune defence

Question 5

Platelets are responsible for:

Answer 5

Coagulation and tissue repair

Question 6

Plasma contains ____

Answer 6

fibrinogen, which is removed with coagulation.

Question 7

2 major blood proteins:

Answer 7

Albumin and Globulin

Question 8

Albumin:

Answer 8

50% of total blood protein. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure. Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

Question 9

Fibrinogen:

Answer 9

7% of total blood protein. Activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin.

Question 10

Immunoglobins: role and produced by ____

Answer 10

Antibodies, rpoduced by B lymphocytes.

Question 11

Complement:

Answer 11

9 proteins that coat bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis.

Question 12

What is the major complement component?

Answer 12

C3

Question 13

What is opsonization?

Answer 13

Immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as a phagocyte . The process of opsonization is a means of identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte.

Question 14

Coagulation factors:

Answer 14

13 proteins cleaved in ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen -> fibrin. Ca++ is essential to coagulation. haemopilia’s result from a missing component.

Question 15

What is the most common form of haemophilia.

Answer 15

Factor VIII deficiency is the commonest form of hemophilia.

Question 16

Blood pH is very tightly maintained at ___

Answer 16

7.4

Question 17

What is the role of CD34?

Answer 17

It is a surface antigen marker on HSCs.

Question 18

Adaptive immunity blood cells:

Answer 18

Small lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, Plasma cell

Question 19

Innate immunity blood cells:

Answer 19

Basophil, Neurophil, Eosiniphil, Monocyte, Macrophage

Question 20

Three important factors that drive haematopoiesis:

Answer 20

GM-CSF, EPO, G-CSF

Question 21

GM-CSF

Answer 21

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.

Stimulates production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.

Question 22

EPO:

Answer 22

Erythropoetin

Drives production of erythrocytes

Produced mainly by kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal.

Question 23

G-CSF

Answer 23

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

• Produced mainly by different cells.
• Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils.

Question 24

O2 readily associates and dissociates in the __

Answer 24

associates in the lungs, and dissociates in the tissues.

Question 25

Complement is essential for ___

Answer 25

innate immunity

Question 26

___ is the most abundant complement in the serum

Answer 26

C3

Question 27

3 pathways for complement:

Answer 27

Classical, Lectin, Alternative

Question 28

The classical pathway for complement is mediated by ____

Answer 28

IgM or IgG binding to a microbe surface which is then bound by complement C1.

Question 29

Deposited complexes are called ___

Answer 29

convertases.

Question 30

Cleavage of C3, C4 and C5 produce small fragments called ___

Answer 30

anaphylatoxins

Question 31

Anaphylatoxins are ____

Answer 31

Chemoattractants that attract and activate neutrophils.

Question 32

Virulence factors:

Answer 32

Inhibit the complement cascade

Question 33

The end stage of complement:

Answer 33

C5 onwards forms a lytic pore that cause some bacteria to lyse. This is the membrane attack complex or MAC.

Question 34

Two pathways for coagulation:

Answer 34

Intrinsic, surface, and Extrinsic, tissue damage.

Question 35

Which factor is common to both pathways in coagulation

Answer 35

10/X

Question 36

What happens if calcium is removed from the coagulation pathway?

Answer 36

Blood will not clot

Question 37

What is thrombin?

Answer 37

An enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin which cross-links.

Question 38

Plasminogen is converted to

Answer 38

plasma

Question 39

What is TPA?

Answer 39

Tissue Plasminogen Activator;

Question 40

Arterial pressure is matinained by:

Answer 40

Elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.

Question 41

Venous pressure is:

Answer 41

lower because veins are not elastic

Question 42

Each haemoglobin contains :

Answer 42

4 haem molecules each containg 1 iron atom in the ferrous ofmr (Fe2+).

Question 43

In centrifugation:

Answer 43

Packed red cells 40%, buffy coat contains white cells 10%, plasma 50% contains soluble proteins, lipids, platelets.

Question 44

CD34+ HSC gives rise to two multipotent stem cells

Answer 44

myeloid or lymphoid progenitors

Question 45

Myeloid progenitors gives rise to:

Answer 45

eythrocytes

Question 46

Lymphoid progenitor gives rise to:

Answer 46

B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes

Question 47

Immature T lymphocyte differentiates into

Answer 47

CD4 or CD8

Question 48

Erythrocytes are used solely for:

Answer 48

Oxygen transport

Question 49

Myeloid cells provide you with:

Answer 49

innate immunity and phagocytosis is a key mechanism.

Question 50

Lectins:

Answer 50

Carb binding proteins in blood that bind to unusual carbohydrates found only on microbes.

Question 51

Phagocytic cells:

Answer 51

Neutrophils and macrophages have complement receptors that bind complement and initiate phagocytosis.

Question 52

In the intrinsic pathway, which factors lead to the cleavage of factor X

Answer 52

12, 11, 9 and 8

Question 53

Whivh factor activates thrombin

Answer 53

X

Question 54

Anti coagulants:

Answer 54

Heparin and warfarin, block thrombin