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Bio Block 4 & 5 > Lecture 21. The composition and features of blood > Flashcards

Lecture 21. The composition and features of blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What does blood pressure ensure?

A
  1. Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries.
  2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough
    to avoid coagulation.
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2
Q

What happens when the blood pressure is too low/high

A

Too low- oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells cannot get delivered to the tissues. Coagulation, clotting
Too high- risk of chronic events

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3
Q

What helps the body to maintain a relatively stable blood pressure

A

elasticity of blood vessels

Muscular arteries and valves provide pressurised directional
flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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4
Q

what organs have the highest blood flow to them

A

skeletal muscle, brain, kidneys(filter nutrients)

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5
Q

What system(blood) has no pressure and why?

A

venous
The high pressure in the arterials has to be differential to the low-pressure side. The significant pressure change is very important for the release of O2 and transfer of CO2 to the hemoglobin molecule
Blood moves much slower

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6
Q

What ensures one way blood flow in the venous system?

A

valves

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7
Q

how thick are the wall of capillaries

A

1 cell

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8
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

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9
Q

systolic/diastolic pressure

A

Systolic blood pressure, the top number, measures the force the heart exerts on the walls of the arteries each time it beats.( high point)

Diastolic blood pressure, the bottom number, measures the force the heart exerts on the walls of the arteries in between beats.( low point)

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10
Q

Cells of the blood

A

erythroid( give rise to RBC), myeloid( make up WBC/ leukocytes innate immunity) lymphoid( adaptive immunity, stimulated to produce antibodies to remember the immune trigger)

all originate from the same stem cell in the bone marrow

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11
Q

Proteins in the blood

A

Albumin( made by the liver, Without enough albumin, your body can’t keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels.) Constitutes 50% of total blood protein. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure. Binds and transports many small molecules, and hormones.

Hemoglobin( a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. )

Fibrinogen (produced by the liver. This protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form.) is 7% of blood protein. Cleaved by thrombin on coagulation.

immunoglobulins ( Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells)

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12
Q

Lipids in the blood

A

bound in lipoproteins

HDL, LDL, VLDL

the ratio of these is a good indicator of cardiac disease

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13
Q

Electrolytes in the blood

A

salts and minerals

(HCO3 -, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+ , creatine, creatinine)

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14
Q

Major components of blood

A
  1. Cells
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids bound in lipoproteins HDL, LDL, VLDL
  4. Electrolytes, salts and minerals (HCO3 -, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+ , creatine, creatinine).
  5. Vitamins, hormones.
  6. Glucose.
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15
Q

How much of the blood do RBC make up

A

~45-50%

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16
Q

Smallest blood cell

A

Platelets

~50 times smaller than RBC

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17
Q

structure of leukocyte

A

nucleus

phagocytic granules( digest foreign bodies)

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18
Q

Electrophoresis

A

The technique of blood protein separation

Serum proteins exposed to an electric field separate into 5 distinct bands. (charges on proteins interact with the current)

Albumin- the most -vely charged

The furthest right one- antibodies

  1. Albumin ~ 50% of total
  2. Globulin ~ 40% of total

• α1, α2, β, γ (immunoglobulins)

Used commonly to identify multiple myeloma. As specific monoclonal antibodies present a thick line pattern to the right

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19
Q

Malignant myeloma

A

is a form of leukemia where a malignant lymphocyte( B cell) produces monoclonal Ig. Serum electrophoresis is used to diagnose this condition

-Lower back pain, tired

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20
Q

Antibodies are produced from

A

B lymphocytes

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21
Q

Immunoglobins are

A

antibodies. Produced by B- lymphocytes

Provide with adaptive immunity

Memory

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22
Q

Complement

Study These Flashcards
A

HAPPENS INSTANTENEUOSLY

-proteolytic activation cascade that is essential for innate immunity

9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis. C3 is the major component. Opsonisation.

Mainly for bacteria, and not viruses

23
Q

Coagulation factors

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A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen -> fibrin. Ca++ is essential for coagulation.

24
Q

Haemophilia

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A

Haemophilia results from a missing component of the coagulation cascade. Factor VIII deficiency is the commonest form of hemophilia.

25
blood ph
7.4
26
Electrolyte function
Isotonicity and buffering. Blood pH is very tightly maintained at 7.4. Free Ca++ and K+ - also tightly maintained and critical for the regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps, and normal nerve and muscle functions such as the heart.
27
origin of blood cells
28
importance of CD34 hematopoietic stem cell
- Found in bone marrow and the blood of newborn babies - CD34 is the antigen marker on these stem cells that exist in the bone marrow. Monoclonal antibodies can recognize these stem cells and selectively remove stem cells from blood or bone marrow. They can then be put back into the patient( eg after chemo for leukemia) and these stem cells will reproduce all the other cells.
29
What cells are in the adaptive system?
T & B lymphocytes Plasma cells from B lymphocytes-→ antibodies
30
What cells are in the innate immune system?
Myeloblast→ basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte→ macrophage
31
3 important factors that drive hematopoiesis
**GM-CSF Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor** The protein produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Stimulates the production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. **EPO Erythropoietin** Drives production of erythrocytes Produced mainly by the kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal. **G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor** Produced by many different cells. Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils GCSF and GMCSF are administered to re-populate white cells in leukemia patients following radio-ablation
32
Granulocytes
**basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells**.
33
How does oxygenation of the blood happen in the lung?
In the alveolus( alveoli) the oxygen diffuses through the thin wall of the capillaries Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange -Great area for efficient exchange in the lung the pressure that allows this exchange in regulated by protein hemaglobin
34
Hemoglobin structure
4 globules(parts), each containing a heme group with an Iron( Fe2) atom in the center bonded to 4 Nitrogens N This structure allows oxygen to bind at atm. pressure The association and dissociation of O2 from heme is regulated by the partial pressure of O2 i.e. O2 readily associates in the lungs and dissociates in the tissues.
35
Cyanide action
Competes for iron, and prevents oxygen from binding to the hemoglobin Kills by binding to another iron molecule called cytochrome C in the oxidative phosphorylation chain. heart muscle can work and your heart stops, and that can happen in the space of about 10 to 15 seconds
36
Complement
3 ways it can be activated: C1 Classical( requires antibodies IgM and IgG to bind to the surface of the bacteria first before the complement binds), Lectin activation, and alternative activation C3 complement is the most important and abundant in the blood when activated by the upstream events covalently binds to the surface of the bacteria(covers it) * Initiation cascade, C3 → C3b( very active) binds to the bacteria. Releases factors * Receptors on the neutrophil recognize this activated form of C3( factors: C3a, C4a, C5a) * For Gram -ve bacteria.-the end-stage of the complement (C5 onwards) forms a lytic pore that causes some bacteria to lyse. This is the Membrane Attack Complex or MAC. \*C3 and C5 convertases are important to know- neutrophil senses them
37
Importance of complement
-NO COMPLEMENT- NO PHAGOCYTOSIS Essential for innate immunity
38
Opsonisation
Antibody opsonization is a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis. Deposition of complement on microbes
39
C3
the most abundant complement component in the serum
40
virulence factors
proteins produced by the microbes that inhibit the complement cascade
40
Thrombin
the main component of coagulation cascade ## Footnote an enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin. activated by 2 different pathways( Intrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway-tissue damage) **Moscitoes and leaches produces anticoagulats that act on the thrombin to prevent fibrin formation.**
41
Plasminogen and plasmin
plasma protein gets activated into plasmin, which is an enzyme that digests blood clots Plasmin is often used in therapeutic setting. Some drugs activates the plasminogen at the site of the blood clot and dissolves it. TPA( tissue plasminogen activator or streprokinase)
42
Coagulation
proteolytic activation cascade. There are two pathways for activation * Intrinsic caused by contact with surfaces * Extrinsic caused by tissue damage. **Calcium is essential**
43
Factor X(10) in coagulation
enzyme common to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
44
the most abundant WBC
Neutrophils
45
3 main types of blood cells
1. RBC 2. WBC 3. platelets
46
the main function of RBC
Oxygen and CO2 transport
47
What cell is this
Basophil \*filled with purple granules
48
What cell is this
Neutrophil multilobal nucleus
49
What cell is this
eosinophil -stained red + purple nucleus
50
what cell is this?
Monocyte -large single nucleus
51
What is this cell?
Plasma cell
52
classical activation of the complement( 1 of the 3 ways)
requires a C1 complex to bind to the antibodies bound to the pathogen. C1 complex gets activated and produces convertases on the surface of the bacteria C3 and C5 convertases- important

Bio Block 4 & 5 (9 decks)

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