Lecture 22 - Drug Abuse

Question 1

Opiate

Answer 1

Morphine Dependence liability: +++

Question 2

Psychostimulant

Answer 2

Cocaine, amphetamine and nicotine Dependence liability: +++

Question 3

Psychotomimetic

Answer 3

LSD, Mesacaline, Cannabis Dependence liability: -

Question 4

CNS depressants

Answer 4

Ethanol and Barbiturate Dependence liability: ++

Question 5

Anxiolytics

Answer 5

Benzodiazepine Dependence liability: +

Question 6

What is a classical antagonist of opiates?

Answer 6

Naloxone

Question 7

What happens when mu receptor is stimulated?

Answer 7

Stimulate an opioid receptor with Morphine G protein coupled mechanism - negative effects upon 2 forms of adenylate Cyclase (reduces level of CAMP) CAMP has knock out effect on the activation of protein kinase A or certain protein kinases - reduce excitability of the target cell Longer term of Morphine; alteration in gene expression through changes of effects of CAMP response element binding proteins to the genetic material

Question 8

The mu receptor is the most important in terms of what?

Answer 8

Abuse potential and development of tolerance

Question 9

How does Morphine cause inhibition?

Answer 9

Increasing K+ conductance and by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity - in turn reducing CAMP levels and phosphorylation of PKA

Question 10

Drug-self administration

Answer 10

Skinner box so that a little lever protrudes into the chamber where the animal is placed and that is attached to a reservoir which is filled with substance of interest By pressing lever, the animal can deliver the drug via canular into region within brain

Question 11

ICSS: intra-cranial self-stimulation

Answer 11

Small electrode is implanted into discrete brain region and pressing the lever will cause a small discharge of electrical current from that electrode

Question 12

What does Morphine Increase?

Answer 12

Dopaminergic fell firing in VTA

Question 13

What does Morphine mimic the effects of?

Answer 13

Endogenous Beta-endorphins

Question 14

What can Morphine elevate levels of?

Answer 14

Dopamine through the use of GABAergic interneurons

Question 15

What does intra-VTA Morphine Increase?

Answer 15

Lever pressing

Question 16

What decreases lever pressing and basal dopamine release?

Answer 16

Blockade of mu receptors in VTA

Question 17

What does blockade of dopamine receptors block?

Answer 17

Lever pressing

Question 18

What are examples of Psychostimulants?

Answer 18

Cocaine and amphetamine

Question 19

What are effects of psychostimulant?

Answer 19

Euphoria, behavioural excitement, reduced fatigue and anorectic

Question 20

What are used of psychostimulant?

Answer 20

Anorectic, local anaesthetic and ADHD

Question 21

What is an example of cognitive enhancer?

Answer 21

Metaphenidate

Question 22

What effect does cocaine and amphetamine have?

Answer 22

Cause elevation in release of dopamine

Question 23

What do cocaine and amphetamine influence ?

Answer 23

Dopaminergic nerve terminal as they are both indirect sympathomimetics

Question 24

What does cocaine block?

Answer 24

Dopamine uptake transporter

Question 25

What is dopamine inactivation mechanism?

Answer 25

Re-uptake and subsequent breakdown of catechol-methyl transferase or mono-amine oxidase

Question 26

What are the effects of cocaine and amphetamine?

Answer 26

Tolerance to euphoric effects - dose escalation Withdrawal symptoms Highly addictive with strong re-inforcement properties Psychotic reactions

Question 27

What does psychotic reaction demonstrate?

Answer 27

The phenomenon of sensitisation

Question 28

When is the main effect of amphetamine seen?

Answer 28

When administered into nucleus accumbens

Question 29

When is the main effect of cocaine seen?

Answer 29

Administered into frontal cortex

Question 30

What are psychostimulants?

Answer 30

Compound that are characterised by changes in behavioural arousal and excitation

Question 31

What are psychotomimetic compound?

Answer 31

Component that alter perception significantly | Cause profound hallucinogen

Question 32

What influences the serotoninergic system?

Answer 32

Synthetic compound: LSD | Mescaline

Question 33

What treats anxiety?

Answer 33

CNS depressant | Anxiolytic drug

Question 34

What does opiates and psychostimlant that have profound dependence liability comprise of?

Answer 34

Psychological and physiological component

Question 35

What was barbiturate used for?

Answer 35

Treatment of anxiety and anxiety related conditions