lecture 24 Flashcards
(17 cards)
what phenotypes do we want to change?
in what organisms??
ability to produce protein
biochemical pathways
interaction with pathogens
developmental pattern
bacteria, plants, animals
how does CAR T cell therapy?
1) remove & purify blood from patient to get T cells
2) introduced CAR antigen receptor on the T cells so it can recognize CD19 on cancer cells
3) grown millions of CAR T cells
4) infuse CAR T into patient
5) CART binds to cancer cells CD19 and kill them
what is GMOs?
what is not classified as genetic engineering?
organisms whose DNA has been altered in a lab via:
gene insertion
gene silencing
targets mutation (CRISP)
-add or remove genes by crossing
-ranodom mutagenesis
-F1 hybrids
-ppliphilization
-polyploidy
what are recombinant proteins?
how does it work?
vaccines, insulin, monoclonal antibodies
-isolate gene–>introduce vector—->grow–>purify –_> recombinant protein
what does knowing a genotype let us anticipate?
personalized medicine
crop selection
understanding gene function thru knockout and transgenic models
how does Bt maize work?
why is it beneficial?
-insertion of bacillus thruingiensis into corn that encodes Cry protein that kills pests
-corn plant produces Bt toxin –> when injected, it will kill the insect
– but Bt toxin are not harmful to humans because we don’t have the receiptors and our stomachs are acidic
-less pesticide use
how do round up ready soy beans work?
- EPSPS gene is inserted, which is glyphosate resistant
–when glyphosphate is sprayed, weeds die and soybeans survive because of their EPSPS enzyme
what is the problem w apples?
how do arctic apples work?
how did they stop the browning?
–when apples are cut, cells are damaged –> PPO is produced that turns the apple brown
-used SiRNA, by inserting a small dsRNA to match the PPO sequence to silence PPO–> this triggered degregation
what is the problem with rice?
how does golden rice work?
-rice don’t have B carotene, which can cause vitamin A deficiency–> causing blindness + weak immune systems
solution: insert 2 genes ( PSY and CRTI) into rice to make B carotene –> which is converted into vitamin A
what is the problem w rainbow papaya?
solution and mechanism?
—PRSV causes death of the plant
—insert of PRSV’s into papaya genome to trigger natural deference
—when PRSV infects, RNAi destroys the viral RNA before it can replicate
what is the problem with virus resistant cassava?
solution?
problem: CBSV cause rotten streaks and spread by flies
—engineering cassava to produce dsRNA (RNAi) that matches part of the genomes
-RNAi breaks the viral RNA into siRNA and with the siRNA, this seeks and destroys viral mRNA
what are GMO technologies currently?
1)introduce protein coding genes - simple trait
2)turn gene off via RNAi and mutagenesis
3)modify genes via mutagenesis
-add or silence genes
4)deliver genes– spray with RNA
what are concerns of GMO for the environment?
bad:
problem of monocultures
superweed creation
good:
fragmentation and evolution of technology
avoidance of species with known cross
how does the CETCH cycle replace the Calvin cycle?
entirely synthetic pathway with 17 enzymes
-uses ECR instead of RuBisCO
less loss to photorespiration
-opens door for designer organisms
what does E coli need to be expressed?
what is a recombinant protein example?
-vector with bacterial promoter and Shine dalgarno
-use of cDNA with no introns
-insilin–> first drug via fusion proteins and CNBr cleavage
what is used to transform plants? what what does it use?
agrobacterium
-uses Ti plasmid–> lacking tumor genes but has machinery
- T DNA borders
how does transgenic animals work?
how can mice be gene knockouts?
1) injected into eggs or embryos
2) use homologous recomb—> positive- negative selection used to target specific genes
