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lecture 24 Flashcards

(17 cards)

1
Q

what phenotypes do we want to change?
in what organisms??

A

ability to produce protein
biochemical pathways
interaction with pathogens
developmental pattern

bacteria, plants, animals

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2
Q

how does CAR T cell therapy?

A

1) remove & purify blood from patient to get T cells

2) introduced CAR antigen receptor on the T cells so it can recognize CD19 on cancer cells

3) grown millions of CAR T cells

4) infuse CAR T into patient

5) CART binds to cancer cells CD19 and kill them

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3
Q

what is GMOs?
what is not classified as genetic engineering?

A

organisms whose DNA has been altered in a lab via:

gene insertion
gene silencing
targets mutation (CRISP)

-add or remove genes by crossing
-ranodom mutagenesis
-F1 hybrids
-ppliphilization
-polyploidy

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4
Q

what are recombinant proteins?
how does it work?

A

vaccines, insulin, monoclonal antibodies

-isolate gene–>introduce vector—->grow–>purify –_> recombinant protein

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4
Q

what does knowing a genotype let us anticipate?

A

personalized medicine

crop selection

understanding gene function thru knockout and transgenic models

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5
Q

how does Bt maize work?
why is it beneficial?

A

-insertion of bacillus thruingiensis into corn that encodes Cry protein that kills pests

-corn plant produces Bt toxin –> when injected, it will kill the insect

– but Bt toxin are not harmful to humans because we don’t have the receiptors and our stomachs are acidic

-less pesticide use

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6
Q

how do round up ready soy beans work?

A
  • EPSPS gene is inserted, which is glyphosate resistant

–when glyphosphate is sprayed, weeds die and soybeans survive because of their EPSPS enzyme

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7
Q

what is the problem w apples?
how do arctic apples work?
how did they stop the browning?

A

–when apples are cut, cells are damaged –> PPO is produced that turns the apple brown

-used SiRNA, by inserting a small dsRNA to match the PPO sequence to silence PPO–> this triggered degregation

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8
Q

what is the problem with rice?
how does golden rice work?

A

-rice don’t have B carotene, which can cause vitamin A deficiency–> causing blindness + weak immune systems

solution: insert 2 genes ( PSY and CRTI) into rice to make B carotene –> which is converted into vitamin A

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9
Q

what is the problem w rainbow papaya?
solution and mechanism?

A

—PRSV causes death of the plant

—insert of PRSV’s into papaya genome to trigger natural deference

—when PRSV infects, RNAi destroys the viral RNA before it can replicate

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10
Q

what is the problem with virus resistant cassava?
solution?

A

problem: CBSV cause rotten streaks and spread by flies

—engineering cassava to produce dsRNA (RNAi) that matches part of the genomes

-RNAi breaks the viral RNA into siRNA and with the siRNA, this seeks and destroys viral mRNA

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11
Q

what are GMO technologies currently?

A

1)introduce protein coding genes - simple trait

2)turn gene off via RNAi and mutagenesis

3)modify genes via mutagenesis
-add or silence genes

4)deliver genes– spray with RNA

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12
Q

what are concerns of GMO for the environment?

A

bad:
problem of monocultures

superweed creation

good:
fragmentation and evolution of technology

avoidance of species with known cross

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13
Q

how does the CETCH cycle replace the Calvin cycle?

A

entirely synthetic pathway with 17 enzymes

-uses ECR instead of RuBisCO

less loss to photorespiration

-opens door for designer organisms

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14
Q

what does E coli need to be expressed?
what is a recombinant protein example?

A

-vector with bacterial promoter and Shine dalgarno

-use of cDNA with no introns

-insilin–> first drug via fusion proteins and CNBr cleavage

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15
Q

what is used to transform plants? what what does it use?

A

agrobacterium

-uses Ti plasmid–> lacking tumor genes but has machinery
- T DNA borders

16
Q

how does transgenic animals work?
how can mice be gene knockouts?

A

1) injected into eggs or embryos

2) use homologous recomb—> positive- negative selection used to target specific genes