Lecture 25: Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

How do you calculate minute ventilation (VE)?

Answer 1

Tidal Volume * RR

Question 2

What is the functional measure of alveolar ventilation?

Question 3

____ ___ is the volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange

Answer 3

Dead Space

Question 4

How do you calculate physiological dead space?

Answer 4

Anatomic Dead Space + Alveolar Dead Space

Question 5

Where does Dead Space Ventilation occur?

Answer 5

Conduction Zone

Question 6

Where does Alveolar Ventilation occur?

Answer 6

Respiratory Zone

Question 7

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation (VA)?

Answer 7

1) VE = VA + VD
2) VA = VE - VD

Question 8

Alveolar Dead Space vs. Anatomic Dead Space?

Answer 8

Alveolar: Air in non-perfused alveoli
Anatomic: Ait in nose, pharynx, larynx, conducting airways

Question 9

How are resistance and velocity related to turbulent flow?

Answer 9

Resistance: Increased
Velocity: Increased

Question 10

How are resistance and velocity related to laminar flow?

Answer 10

Resistance: Decreased
Velocity: Decreased

Question 11

What type of flow would you associate with wheezing?

Answer 11

Turbulent

Question 12

What type of flow occurs in small airways?

Answer 12

Laminar

Question 13

Total amount of gas in lungs after max inspiration

Answer 13

Total Lung Capacity

Question 14

Max. gas that can be inspired started at functional residual capacity

Answer 14

Inspiratory Capacity

Question 15

Max gas that can be expired after max inspiration

Answer 15

Vital Capacity

Question 16

Amount of gas in lungs at end of normal expiration (passive exhalation)

Answer 16

Functional Residual Capacity

Question 17

Typical value of tidal volume?

Answer 17

500 mL

Question 18

Max volume of gas the can be inspired starting from end of normal inspiration

Answer 18

IRV
(Inspiratory Reserve Capacity)

Question 19

Max volume of gas that can be expired starting from end of normal expiration?

Answer 19

ERV

Question 20

Typical values of ERV, IRV?

Answer 20

ERV: 1,100 mL
IRV: 3000 mL

Question 21

Volume of gas in lungs that remains after max. expiration?

Answer 21

Residual Volume

Question 22

Two ways to calculate TLC?

Answer 22

1) IRV + ERV + RV + Tidal Volume
2) VC + RV

Question 23

How do you calculate vital capacity?

Answer 23

ERV + IRV + Tidal Volume

Question 24

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity?

Answer 24

Tidal Volume + IRV

Question 25

How do you calculate functional residual capacity?

Answer 25

ERV + RV

Question 26

What equation describes airflow, pressure, radius, and viscosity

Answer 26

V = P(3.14) r4 _____________ 8nL

Question 27

What happens as you move from RV to FRC to TLC

Answer 27

Airway resistance decreases and lung volume increases

Question 28

Compare the cross-sectional area of segmented bronchi and terminal bronchioles?

Answer 28

Segmented Bronchi: small area, high resistance Terminal Bronchioles: large area, low resistance

Question 29

What type of lung disorders are associated with increase airway resistance?

Answer 29

Obstructive Lung Disease

Question 30

Mucus secretion (increases resistance) is associated with what lung condition?

Answer 30

Bronchitis

Question 31

Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema are ___ lung conditions

Answer 31

Obstructive

Question 32

Loss of or reduced radial traction is a feature of which obstructive lung disorder?

Answer 32

Emphysema

Question 33

Why is it that, if you have emphysema, inspiration is easy while expiration is hard?

Answer 33

Since there is a loss of collagen, inspiration is easy. But because of lung collapse, airflow is obstructed, and expiration is hard

Question 34

Smooth muscle hypertrophy is associate with ___ and ____

Answer 34

Asthma and Bronchitis

Question 35

Which lung disorder is associated with excess radial tension?

Answer 35

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Question 36

Which type of lung disorders are associated with restricted expansion of the lungs?

Answer 36

Restrictive Lung Disease

Question 37

Which lung disorder is associated with excess collagen/elastin; greater inward recoil; and smaller lungs?

Answer 37

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Question 38

Patients with increased airway resistances often breathe at ___ lung volumes to reduce resistance

Answer 38

higher

Question 39

Normal FEV1?

Answer 39

3800 mL

Question 40

Normal Forced Vital Capacity?

Answer 40

4600 mL

Question 41

Amount of gas that can be expelled from lungs by expiring as forcibly as possible s/p max inspiration?

Answer 41

Forced Vital Capacity

Question 42

How would you expect the follow values to change in the case of an obstructive pulmonary disease? RV: VC: TLC: FRC:

Answer 42

RV: Increase VC: Decreased TLC: Increased FRC: Increased

Question 43

How would you expect the follow values to change in the case of an restrictive pulmonary disease? RV: VC: TLC: FRC:

Answer 43

RV: Decreases VC: TLC: Decrease FRC: Decreases

Question 44

A FEV1/FVC that is 0.6 or less suggests what diagnosis?

Answer 44

Obstructive Lung Disease

Question 45

In obstructive lung diseases, how is FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC affected?

Answer 45

All are decrease

Question 46

In restrictive lung diseases, how is FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC affected?

Answer 46

FVC and FEV1: Decreased FEV1/FVC: Normal or increased

Question 47

Why does FEV1/FVC remain normal or increase in restrictive lung pathologies?

Answer 47

Excess radial traction keeping airways open

Question 48

What type of lung disorder is associated with "scooped out" shape?

Answer 48

Obstructive

Question 49

When you expire, lung resistance ___, airflow ___, and airway narrows

Answer 49

increases, decreases

Question 50

In inspiration, airways widen and resistance ___

Answer 50

decreases

Question 51

Flow rates may or may not change in ____ diseases

Answer 51

Restrictive Lung diseases

Question 52

How does pulmonary fibrosis affect lung compliance and airway resistance?

Answer 52

Decreases both

Question 53

How does emphysema affect lung compliance and airway resistance?

Answer 53

Increases

Question 54

How does bronchitis affect airway resistance?

Answer 54

Increases