Lecture 27

Question 1

What are the two types of immunity in animals?

Answer 1

Innate immunity (all animals): Fast, general response using barriers and internal defenses.
Adaptive immunity (vertebrates only): Slower, specific response involving antibodies and memory cells.

Question 2

Components of innate immunity?

Answer 2

A:
Skin, mucous, phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, complement

Question 3

Adaptive immunity branches?

Answer 3

Humoral: Antibodies in fluids
Cell-mediated: T cells kill infected cells

Question 4

How do plants defend from pathogens?

Answer 4

Use R proteins to detect Avr effectors → trigger local and systemic resistance

Question 5

Cause of Dutch Elm Disease?

Answer 5

Fungus from beetles blocks xylem; trees lack defenses

Question 6

Physical defenses?

Answer 6

Quills, camouflage, warning colors, mimicry

Question 7

Chemical defenses?

Answer 7

Toxins, sprays (e.g., skunks), antimicrobial compounds

Question 8

What is altruism?

Answer 8

Helping relatives at personal cost to boost shared genes

Question 9

Hamilton’s Rule?

Answer 9

Altruism favored if r × B > C

Question 10

Example of Hamilton’s Rule?

Answer 10

Saving brother: rB = 1, C = 0.5 → 1 > 0.5 → act is favored

Question 11

Why do animals defend territory?

Answer 11

:
To protect food, mates, space from others