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Biology 14 - Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lecture 28 - Chapter 16 - Endocrinology > Flashcards

Lecture 28 - Chapter 16 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A
  • Endocrine glands are duct-less that produce chemical messengers called hormones.
  • Exocrine have ducts that carry secretion to membrane surface. They produce nonhormonal substances like : sweat and saliva
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2
Q

The hypothalaums is a neuroendocrine organ. What does that mean?

A

That is has some endocrine and exocrine functions.

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3
Q

Besides the hypothalamus, what other organs/tissues produce hormones?

A
  1. Adipose cells
  2. Thymus
  3. Cells in walls of small intestine
  4. Stomach
  5. Kidneys
  6. Heart
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4
Q

BLANK are long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid-based (Oxytocin & ADH)
  2. Steroids (made from cholesterol; they’re gonadal and adrenocortical hormones)
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6
Q

Hormones will only affect cells that have a receptor for a specific type of hormone. What is the hormone action on target cells? What happens to a cell once a hormone binds to its hormone receptor?

Hormone A will interact with receptor A. Hormone A will NOT interact with receptor B

A

Possibilities are:
* Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
* Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
* Activate or deactivate enzymes
* Induce secretory activity
* Stimulate mitosis

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7
Q

Hormones act in one of two ways, depending on their chemical nature and receptor location. What are the two ways?

A
  1. Water-soluble hormones (all amino-acid based hormones except thyroid hormones)
    * Act on plasma membrane receptors
    * Act via G-protein secondary messengers
    * CAN NOT ENTER THE CELL
  2. Lipid-soluble hormones
    * Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
    * CAN ENTER THE CELL
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8
Q

What is the main secondary-messenger system for amino-acid based hormones?

A

Cyclic AMP

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9
Q

Image of Lipid-soluble hormones (Steroid and Thyroid hormones) acting on intracellular receptor.

A
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10
Q

Blood levels of hormones are controlled by negative feedback systems. What does this mean?

A

Increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release.

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11
Q

What causes hormones to be released?

Two ways

A
  1. Endocrine gland stimuli
  2. Nervous system modulation
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12
Q

Endocrine gland stimuli can be triggered by three different ways. What are they?

A
  1. Humoral stimuli: changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stiumlate secretion of hormones
  2. Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines)
  3. Hormonal stimuli: hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
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13
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-target?

This involves the hormonal stimuli of endocrine glands.

A

Hormones from final target organs inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
Without this, hormones will keep sending a positive feedback loop to the anterior pituitary. This tells it to stop sending out the hormone.

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14
Q

What is the nervous system modulation?

A
  • The nervous system can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed
  • Can override normal endocrine controls (Ex. under severe stress, hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system override insulin to allow blood glucose to increase aka prepare for fight or flight)
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15
Q

Like we mentioned, hormones will only bind to their specific target cell receptors. But there are three factors that determine if the hormone will actually activate the target cell. What are the three factors?

A
  1. Blood levels of hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on/in target cell
  3. Affinity (strength) of binding between receptor and hormone
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16
Q

Hormones can influence the number of receptors for that hormone.
What are the two ways target cells change their receptors based on the amount of hormone in circulation?

A
  1. Up-regulation: target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
  2. Down-regulation: target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
17
Q

What type of hormones are bound to something while circulating in the blood?

A

Lipid-soluable proteins (steroids & thyroid hormones) are attached to plasma proteins

All other hormones circulate without carriers.

18
Q

Image of comparison between Lipid and Water soluble hormones

A
19
Q

Multiple hormones may act on same target at the same time.

BLANK: one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present.

A

Permissiveness

20
Q

Multiple hormones may act on same target at the same time.

BLANK: more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification. (Ex: glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose)

A

Synergisim

21
Q

Multiple hormones may act on same target at the same time.

BLANK: one or more hormones oppose action of another hormone. (Ex: insulin and glucagon)

A

Antagonism

22
Q

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to the BLANK so that it regulates hormone secretion.

A

Anterior pituitary

23
Q

In the posterior pituitary there are two axon terminals: Paraventricular and supraoptic.
What do those two axon terminals do?

A
  1. Paraventricular neurons produce oxytocin
  2. Supraoptic neurons produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
24
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are each made up of nine amino acids but they differ in two of them. What are the two amino acids that are different?

A
25
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A
  • Strong stimulant of uterine contractions
  • Hormonal trigger for milk ejection
  • Positive feedback mechanism
  • Neurotransmitter in the brain
26
Q

What are the functions of ADH?

A
  • Targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
  • Release is also triggered by low blood pressure and drugs
  • Inhibited by alcohol, diruetics
  • High concentration of ADH causes vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure)
27
Q

Image of Oxytocin and ADH comparison

A

Biology 14 - Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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