lecture 28 (reasoning) Flashcards
(19 cards)
experimental psychology?
- manipulates variables and controls them
- investigates intra/within individual differences -> mechanisms
- focused more on between-treatments variance
- ANOVA’s, regression models, t-tests
- average person: persons are replications
correlational psychology?
- investigates inter/between individual differences (e.g. psychodiagnostics)
- Correlations, factor models
What is the fundamental difference between ‘intelligence’ and ‘cognition’?
intelligence is about individual differences and cognition is about mechanisms
misconceptions in psychology?
- mixing up these two levels (inter and intra differences) can lead to misconceptions
- knowing how stuff works (mechanisms) does not give you information on individual differences
- Intra individual methods and instruments are too
unreliable to be used at the inter individual (diagnostics) -> card 5 - findings on individual differences can not be generalized to the field of mechanisms (heritability, the big five, IQ, simpson paradox)
Why are tests developed in experimental psychology often not useful in psychodiagnostics?
they have low reliability
heritability (h^2)?
- h^2 is how much of the variation seen in a certain trait within a population can be attributed to genetic variation, as opposed to environment
- is about inter individual differences
- The heritability coefficient can be misleading, sometimes it may indicate no effect of genes or no effect of environment when there is clearly one
What happens with the heritability coefficient if all children grow up in perfect conditions?
it equals 1 (probably)
big 5?
- a model of inter individual differences but is often interpreted as intra-individual model
- personality is a within person phenomena, the big five is a between person phenomena
Where in your brain is the Big Five?
Not in your brain, it is between us
the positive manifold of general intelligence?
- matrix of positive correlations between scores on all kinds of cognitive tests
- people who score well on
one cognitive test are likely to score well on other cognitive tests - very robust
g factor?
- supposed to explain all scores on different tests
- Inter individual differences in scores on IQ sub tests are explained by differences in g factor
criticisms of the g factor?
nobody can define what it is exactly and how it works or how it develops
mutualism?
- two organisms helping each other develop
- common factor would only be an index of what is happening
What is general intelligence?
an index
simpsons paradox?
- when changing the level of analysis (from intra level to inter level), the association may change
- cannot easily be controlled for using a single mathematical paradigm
prevention strategies for the simpsons paradox?
- developing and testing mechanistic explanations
- study change (obtaining time-series data from individuals should be the new focus instead of group data)
- intervene (experimental studies should be used to infer causation)
Is NWO discriminating women?
no, or indirectly yes, they discriminate disciplines preferred by women
sources of individual differences?
- genetic drift: random changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) in a population from one generation to the next -> given large populations, implausible
- mutation selection balance: for traits that matter for survival and are influenced by many genes, there’s a balance between mutation introducing changes and selection cleaning up harmful ones (explains health and intelligence, but problems arise when replicating DNA)
evolutionary hypothesis?
- Intelligence <- mutation selection balance
- Personality <- balancing selection
