lecture 2b

Question 1

most TLRs

Answer 1

monocytes

Question 2

TLR 9, 10

Answer 2

B cell

Question 3

TLR 3

Answer 3

epithelial cells (lungs)

Question 4

TLR 11

Answer 4

murine kidney, bladder, liver

Question 5

TLR 7, 9, 10

Answer 5

eosinophil

Question 6

most TLRs except TLR 11

Answer 6

spleen
-filters blood, place for B/T cell maturation, lymphoid organ

Question 7

toll-like receptor

Answer 7

pathogen recognizing receptor on immune cell that initiates innate immune response to pathogen assoc. molecular protein

Question 8

TLR 3 disease pathogenesis

Answer 8

WNV triggers a TLR3 dependent inflammation response which can breakdown the blood-brain barrier
dsRNA

Question 9

TLR 9 disease pathogenesis

Answer 9

chromatin antibody complexes in lupus serum is internalized by dendritic cell and delivered to TLR9 - causing inflammation
bacterial DNA cause inflammation in lower respiratory tract

Question 10

TLR2/4/9 disease pathogenesis

Answer 10

excessive signaling can lead to HIV replication -> which can lead to septic shock

Question 11

excessive TLR signaling

Answer 11

contributes to pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock etc)

Question 12

cytokines/chemokines

Answer 12

soluble mediators of innate and adaptive immunity
mechanism that leukocytes (WBC) communicate with one another and w other cells

stimulate diverse responses of cells involved in immunity and inflammation
generation of leukocytes

Question 13

source of cytokine/chemokine

Answer 13

produced mainly by leukocytes in response to antigens

Question 14

cytokines

Answer 14

systemic action (large scale!)

ex: TNF a -> fever (kills microbes by increased temperature)
mediators and regulators of innate immunity (1), adaptive immunity (2), and stimulators of hematopoesis

Question 15

chemokines

Answer 15

localized action (small scale!)

ex: IL8 (CXCL8) -> attract neutrophils

Question 16

cytokines as mediators and regulators of innate immunity

Answer 16

produced mainly by mononuclear phagocytes and NK cells in response to infection
stimulates early inflammation reactions to microbes in order to promote microbe elimination

Question 17

cytokines as mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity

Answer 17

produced mainly by T cells in response to antigens
regulate the growth and differentiation of various lymphocytes
involved in activation of T cell dependent immune responses
other T cell derived cytokines recruit, activate and regulate effector functions of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 18

cytokines as stimulators of hematopoiesis

Answer 18

produced by bone marrow stromal cells and leukocytes
stimulate the growth and differentiation of leukocytes (hematopoiesis)

Question 19

properties of cytokines (4)

Answer 19

1. pleiotropism
2. redundancy
3. synergy
4. antagonism

Question 20

pleiotropism

Answer 20

property of cytokine
one cytokine having multiple effects on diverse cell types

Question 21

redundancy

Answer 21

property of cytokine
multiple cytokines having same or overlapping actions
in absence of one the other can take over and function will still occur

Question 22

synergy

Answer 22

property of cytokine
two or more cytokines having greater than additive effects

Question 23

antagonism

Answer 23

property of cytokine
one cytokine inhibiting the action of another
immune degradation control inflammation - depending on amount available

Question 24

resistance to phagocytosis (how microbes evade innate immunity)

Answer 24

capsular polysaccharide around microbe is slippery and inhibits phagocytosis
pneumococcus

Question 25

resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes (how microbes evade innate immunity)

Answer 25

production of catalase by microbe breaks down the ROS intermediates staphylococci

Question 26

resistance to complement activation (alternative pathway) (how microbes evade innate immunity)

Answer 26

sialic acid expression inhibits C3 and C5 convertases (neisseria meningitides) M protein blocks C3 from binding to organism, C3b (larger) binding to complement receptors - inhibiting binding inhibits degradation (streptococcus)

Question 27

resistance to antimicrobial peptide antibiotics (how microbes evade innate immunity)

Answer 27

synthesis of modified LPS that resists the action of peptide antibiotics pseudomonas