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Cross Cultural Communication > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do individuals, organizations and nations fail to communicate with each other?

A

Barriers of communication across-cultures:

Misperception

Misinterpretation

Misevaluation

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2
Q

Why misperception, miscommunication and misevaluation behind miscommunication

A

Sender’s Culture affects Message

Message affected by Positive and Negative Noise

Receiver’s gets message with expectations from their own culture

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3
Q

MISPERCEPTION

A

Consequences of a wrong assumption. We assume that we all see the world the same way. We forget that people who are brought up in different environments do select values, that are familiar to them(to their background)

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4
Q

People’s perception are neither

A

innate nor absolute

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5
Q

Perceptions of people about others are:

A

selective
learned
culturally determined
relatively constant

  • as a result we might see things that do not exist, and fail to see things that do exist. (Read the box on page 72, analyze figure 3-2 on page74)
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6
Q

Misinterpretation

A

the assumption we make about people’s perception without enough knowledge about the assumed matter.

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7
Q

Cross cultural misinterpretation will lead to the adoption of two universally known attitudes:

A

1) Categorization

2) Stereotyping
The two generalization lead to misevalution

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8
Q

Can stereotype attitude be helpful?

A

In general stereotyping is not helpful

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9
Q

careful application of stereotype in business may be needed under conditions; that our stereotype is:

A

consciously held

descriptive and not evaluative

applied accurately

avoiding preconceived ideas

modifiable

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10
Q

Generalization as sources of misinterpretation.

A

Inaccurate interpretation

Subconscious cultural blinders

Generalization

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11
Q

Inaccurate interpretation

A

Americans like to be called by their first name, therefore Americans “being friendly” to others may call others by their first names or all Americans should be called by their first names.

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12
Q

Subconscious cultural blinders

A

“The Germans are hard working people, therefore all Germans in the work force will always be productive. This comes from a general statement that is historically correct, but not necessarily applicable to all Germans. (General vs. Specific)

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13
Q

Generalization

A

“All managers living in the Ex-communist bloc countries are communists or demonstrate collective behavior”. (stereotyping held constant)

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14
Q

Projected Similarity

A

Assuming that people are more similar to you than they really are.

(parochial view to underline similarity)

There is no room for deviation or diversity, as a result, any slight “mistake “ will lead to a magnified disappointment. It doesn’t leave any room for negotiation or for fixing the problem.

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15
Q

MISEVALUATION

A

It is the behavior of individuals or organizations that follow misperception and misinterpretation.

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16
Q

Misevaluation is judging categorically something or somebody as

A

bad or good.

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17
Q

Our own culture is used as a standard for

A

judgment.

Anything different will be considered not normal.

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18
Q

(DELETE) Nations tend to stereotype each other: __ stereotyping

A

positive

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19
Q

Developing Nations on U.S. (positive)

A

inventive

honest

sophisticated

intelligent

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20
Q

Developed Nations on U.S (positive)

A

friendly

industrious

inventive

honest

energetic

sophisticated

21
Q

developing nations on U.S. (negative)

A

nationalistic

always in a hurry

workaholics

too curious

too direct

22
Q

developed nations on U.S (negative)

A

nationalistic

rude (not tactful)

self-indulgent

lazy

greedy

23
Q

EFFECTIVE WAY OF COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT

A
  1. Assume that the person you are trying to communicate with may not know your culture.
    1. Concentrate on substance and spend less time on interpreting and evaluating.
    2. If you have to interpret, avoid the notion: “I said so”; “I am right”; “I cannot be wrong”. Instead, you might say, “Is this my understanding?”, “Is this what you mean?”, “could this be right?”, etc.
    3. If you think you were able to explain the situation and you think you have the solution, consider it as a guess. Use the expression, “I may be wrong, but I have the feeling that..”
24
Q

How to Effectively to Communicate When Individuals Do not Command Your Language

A

IMPROVE YOUR VERBAL COMMUNICATION

USE NON-VERBAL EXPRESSIONS

CHECK IF THERE IS MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

DESIGN A TIME FRAME

MOTIVATE YOUR PARTNERS

25
Q

IMPROVE YOUR VERBAL COMMUNICATION

A

clear, simple and slow communication style. However, speaking very slowly and loudly can be seen as an insult to the listener.

26
Q

USE NON-VERBAL EXPRESSIONS

A

visual explanation, gestures, demonstration, pauses and summaries (every country has specific gestures that may have the opposite meaning)

27
Q

CHECK IF THERE IS MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

A

facial expression, double checking by asking others

28
Q

DESIGN A TIME FRAME

A

allow frequent breaks, deliver the information piece by piece

allow more time for information processing.

29
Q

MOTIVATE YOUR PARTNERS

A

encourage the non-native to speak, don’t make any judgment by their participation levels. (consider the environment)

30
Q

Culture today is in constant change, therefore the mainstream culture may not always represent the culture of __- __ due to the interaction of the three layers of culture

A

sub-groups

31
Q

Research indicates that within a country, there are specific cultural behavior of demographic groups when one controls for:

A

Gender

age

education

profession

region

organization

Such cultural study also suggests that, there is more cultural convergence among similar demographic groups, who have similar categories.

32
Q

High-context culture

A

Is where the social context in which what is said strongly affects the meaning of the message?

Examples: Japan and Saudi Arabia are HCCs

33
Q

Low-context culture

A

is where the meaning of the messageis explicitly expressed by the words and is less affected by the social context.

Example: North America, Denmark, Sweden, Norway are examples of LCCs

34
Q

Understand the Elements of Culture

A 
Language - verbal and non-verbal
Religion
Values and Attitudes
Manners and Customs
Material Elements
Aesthetics
Education
Social Institutions
35
Q

Understand Language in Cultural Context

Verbal

A

How words are spoken
Gestures made
Body position assumed
Degree of eye contact

36
Q

Understand Language in Cultural Context

Local language capability’s important role in international marketing

A

Aids in information gathering and evaluation
Provides access to local society
Important to company communications
Allows for interpretation of contexts

37
Q

Understand Language in Cultural Context

Non-verbal Language

A

Hidden language of cultures

Time flexibility and sensibility
Social acquaintance and rapport
Personal physical space and personal touching
Non-verbal gestures and signaling

38
Q

Why Knowing The Major World Religionsand Their Impact on Business is Helpful

A

Christianity - 2.0 billion followers

Islam - 1.2 billion followers

Hinduism - 860 million followers

Buddhism - 360 million followers

Confucianism - 150 million followers* (Confucianism is a philosophy and not a religion)

39
Q

Values

A

are shared beliefs or group norms that have been internalized by individuals.

40
Q

Attitudes

A

are evaluations of alternatives based on these values.

41
Q

Potential problem areas for marketers arise from an insufficient understanding of:

A

different ways of thinking.

the necessity of saving face.

knowledge and understanding of the host country.

the decision-making process and personal relations.

the allocation of time for negotiations.

42
Q

Material culture

A

Results from technology is directly related to how a society organizes its economic activity.

43
Q

Material culture is manifested in

A 
Economic infrastructure
Social infrastructure
Financial infrastructure
Marketing infrastructure
Cultural convergence
44
Q

Aesthetics

A

What is or is not acceptable as good taste varies widely in cultures.

The symbolism of colors, forms, and music carries different meanings in different cultures.

45
Q

Assessing the educational level of a culture

A

formal and informal education

literacy rates

enrollment in secondary or higher education

qualitative aspects ofemphasizing science

46
Q

Education affects

A

employee training

competition for labor

product characteristics

47
Q

Kinship relationships

A

immediate and extended family

48
Q

Social Institutions

A

Kinship relationships

Social stratification

Reference groups

Cross Cultural Communication (14 decks)

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