Lecture 3 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Racial profiling
a hierarchy of socially constructed skin colour and the positive and negative coding associations the police officer has with skin colour-> ideas and thoughts we attach to the body even through races don’t exist
Processes of racialization:
making race-> looking into the day to day maintenance of races
Scan-> interaction-> result
- Scan: person, vehicle, behaviour and time-place
Person- Vehicle: Young man riding expensive care is suspicion
Person-Place: Young man of ethnic minority in high economic status neighbourhood and thus doesn’t belong-> out of placeness
Vehicle-place; expensive car in low status neighbourhood
Behaviour-place; all normative ‘interruptions’, screaming, staring
Judge J. Scheindlin
there is no basis for assuming that the racial distribution of stopped pedestrians will resemble the racial distribution of the local criminal population if the people stopped are not criminals
Disproportionality:
compare police stops to categories-> residential benchmark: if the percentage is higher in proportion to the population-> than disproportionality-> theoretically can be but hardly the case
Contradiction geo-policing
criticism on out of placeness-> demography as a justification-> only on ethnic minorities: in heterogeneity neighbourhoods whites aren’t stopped-> at play is construction of neighbourhoods which is unnecessary for solving crime-> used to limit mobility or get a grasp of the neighbourhood
Passive representation
he bureaucracy has the same demographic origins, sex, race, income, class, religion, as the population it serves (mirroring)
Active representation
assumes bureaucrats will act purposely on behalf of their counterparts in the general population
Business-case policy
bridgebuilders
Recommendations:
Political-legal: measures in legislation, operational guidelines, strategic plans of action Policy and management:
Registration and monitoring of proactive policing
Reducing ethnic disproportionality and strengthening the effectiveness of proactive action Training and training
Evaluation and feedback
Society: intensifying and improving the relationship between police and society in particular ethnic minorities
Police force critical
Controle alt delete
the overrepresentation of certain groups in statistics is not an objective justification for a stop
Amnesty International
the state is committing a human rights abuse-> state is not respecting the laws that constrain state action
Police doesn’t want more bureaucracy, thus monitoring stops
The risks of racial profiling:
(1) detaining, stopping and arresting innocent citizens (false positives) (2) ineffective use of police capacity (3) missing part of crime (4) undermining the legitimacy of the executive power in a democratic society (5) stigmatizing groups (6) alienating communities which can assist in reducing crime
Produce existing hierarchy in society-> have in focus how norm images work: good citizen-> hierarchy of somatic characteristics-> important that solutions are always new to resistance
Harvey
space and time are constituted by and constituted of social relations and practices-> intersectionality of gender, class and race
Spatial component:
before disciplined through surveillance techniques in time and space, now through isolating, disposing of, excluding, and banning potential ‘suspicious’ and ‘risky’ individuals
Urban Allochthone
urban poor (ethicised and racialised minority groups, not-quite- white central and eastern Europeans and some parts of white working class, homeless people, beggars)
Geopolicing
by intensifying surveillance in certain areas of the city and by focusing limited police resources on groups portrayed as risky, the aim is to both police milieus in the city that need safeguarding and others whose inhabitants have to be contained-> desire of police officers to withhold urban allochthones (possible deviants) from again possibly committing crimes-> wrongfulness in pre-crime phase that causes this desire
How is mundane police work central to regulation of mobility in urban spaces
spatial practices reflect and produce social relations
The logic of risk, prevention and security manifests itself in different institutions and spaces in modern society
governmentality: the deliberations, strategies, tactics and devices employed by authorities for making up and acting upon a population and its constituents to ensure good and avert ill-> from straightforward physical punishment to disciplinary techniques that regulate behaviour-> biopolitics: regulation of everyday life
Shift in policing from punishment of crimes ‘punishment mentality’ to the containment of risks ‘risk mentality
‘risk society’ in which calculation, prediction, prevention and containment of security risks stand central-> feelings of insecurity, threat and risk
- Result of new public management where public sector needed to improve effectiveness and efficiency
From ‘late’ police officer to officer that is always there-> reactive to proactive policing-> police stops used in a preventive and repressive way-> repressive powers are proactively applied to prevent crime
In the Netherlands the alterity is now the masculine migrant
Poor neighbourhoods are described as requiring state intervention-> working class groups are the cause of disorder, declining social cohesion and quality of life-> in Amsterdam these places with overlast, decay, danger and crime-> allochthones-> geo-policing: by intensifying surveillance in certain areas of the city and by focusing limited police resources on groups portrayed as risky, the aim is to both police milieus in the city that need safeguarding and others whose inhabitants have to be contained-> desire of police officers to withhold urban allochthones (possible deviants) from again possibly committing crimes-> wrongfulness in pre-crime phase that causes this desire
Urban allochthone account for multitude of deviant ‘others’ and enough plasticity to be adapted to other empirical contexts and disciplinary fields
Geopolicing accommodates ideas of urban allochthones within a spatial governmentality, and entails the mapping, marking and production of racialised, gendered and classed urban landscapes-> space enables technology to ‘risk prevention’
Amsterdam: super-diverse (no majority of white and overlap rich and poor), relatively undivided city and normative idea of unified city is priority in Amsterdam-> how is the production of space conflated with race and class against the backdrop of increasing super-diversity, conviviality and limited ethnic segregation
Three neighbourhoods no white majority, nineteen with less than half white-> disadvantaged neighbourhoods ethnically heterogenous and economically heterogenous whilst white homogenous neighbourhoods are economically homogenous (wealthy)-> reason for economically heterogeneity: gentrification (importance middle-class)
For urban reconstruction: development, attention or base areas -> is neighbourhood good spatial scale? Development and attention significant variation in ethnicity and income at street level
- Consequence of geo-policing
public space becomes increasingly inaccessible to identifiable groups of people-> they are seen as not belonging there-> paradox: goal of city is to create undivided city-> fuel spatial fragmentation, limit mobility, autonomy and agency of urban allochthones and create social distance between different categories