Lecture 3 Flashcards
(Heart: Preload, Contractility and Afterload)
Preload (Blood filling Heart from Veins)?
Passive stretching of muscle fibers in ventricles. This stretching results from blood volume in ventricles at end of diastole. The more the heart muscles stretch during diastole, the more forcefully they contract during systole
(Heart: Preload, Contractility and Afterload)
Contractility (Force of Heart)?
Refers to the inherent ability of myocardium to contract normally. Contractility is influenced by preload. The greater the stretch the more forceful the contraction
(Heart: Preload, Contractility and Afterload)
Afterload (Resistance)?
Refers to pressure that the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome higher pressure the aorta to get blood out of Heart
(Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure)
Arterial BP is regulated within a narrow range?
(120/80) To perfusion of the tissues without damaging to the vascular system (want 120/80 to oxygen tissue and not rupture BV)
(Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure)
Arterial BP is directly proportional to?
Cardiac Output and Peripheral Vascular Resistance
(Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure)
Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance are controlled mainly by?
2 Overlapping Mechanisms:
-Baroreflexes (Sympathetic Nervous System)
-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
(Mechanisms for Controlling Blood Pressure)
Most Antihypertensive Drugs reducing?
Cardiac Output and/or Decreasing Peripheral Resistance
Baroreceptors?
(Fast)
-Activate SNS
Renin?
(Slow)
-Fluid Retention
(Baroreceptors RAAS)
(Decrease in BP)
Rapidly?
Increase Sympathetic Activity via Baroreceptors –> Activate A1 (increase Ven return and Resistance) and B1 (increase contractility, increase CO, release Renin) –> increase BP
(Baroreceptors RAAS)
(Decrease in BP)
Long Term?
Decrease in renal blood flow –> release Renin –> increase Angiotensin 2 –> increase Aldosterone –> increase water/Na retention –> increase blood volume –> increase CO –> increase BP
(Baroreceptors RAAS)
2 Ways to Release Renin?
-B1
-Low renal BF
(Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
Angiotensinogen?
Liver
(Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
Renin?
Kidney
(Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
ACE?
Lungs
(Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
Angiotensinogen –(Renin)–> ?
ANG1 –ACE–> ANG2 (increase sympathetic, tub reabsorption, aldosterone and ADH increase) ALL leads to increase BP
(Cardiac myocyte contraction and relaxation)
Sympathetic Activation –> ?
Release NE –> binds to B1 rec. –> Gs increases cAMP –> increase Pka –> increase CA release extracellular –> intracellular Ca release from SR –> binds to troponin –> actin can bind to myosin –> contraction
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Contraction in VSM can be initiated by?
Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical stimuli
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Passive stretching of VSM can cause?
Contraction termed a myogenic response
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Electrical depolarization of VSM by?
Opening voltage dependent Ca+ channels, causing an increase in intracellular concentration of calcium
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
A number of chemical stimuli such as Norepinephrine, Angiotensin II, Vasopressin, Endothelium-1, and Thormboxane A2 can cause?
Contraction
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Stretch, Depolarization, or Chemical can cause?
Vascular Constriction
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Contraction?
An increase in free intracellular Ca+ (through Ca+ channels or by release from internal stores (SR))
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
(Contraction)
Free Ca+ binds to?
Calmodulin (CM). Calcium-calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), an enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains (MLC) in the presence of ATP
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
(Contraction)
Myosin Light Chain phosphorylation leads to?
Cross-bridge formation between myosin heads and actin filaments –> VSM contraction
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
(Contraction)
Pathway?
Ca –> CM –> MLCK –> Phosphorylation MLC –> Contraction
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
VSM?
Reduced phosphorylation of MLC
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
VSM can result from?
-Reduced release of Ca+
-Inhibition of MLCK by increased intracellular concentration of cAMP (Gs-R pathway)
-MLC dephosphorylation (nitric oxide (NO) –> cGMP pathway)
(Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM) Contraction and Relaxation)
Decrease Ca, increase cAMP, or Dephosphorylation via NO/cGMP = ?
Vasodilation
(Direct-Acting Vasodilators: Pharmacodynamics)
Capacitance Venules?
Determines Preload
(Direct-Acting Vasodilators: Pharmacodynamics)
Resistance Arterioles?
Determines Afterload
(Drugs to Know and Love)
Nitrates?
-Isosorbide denigrate
-Nitroglycerine
-Nitroprusside
(Drugs to Know and Love)
Hydralazine?
Hydralazine
(Drugs to Know and Love)
Phosphodiesterase V Inhibitors?
Slidenafil
(Drugs to Know and Love)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) (non-dihydropyridine, non-DHP)?
-Diltiazem
-Verapamil
(Drugs to Know and Love)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) (dihydropyridine, DHP)?
-Amiodipine
-Nifedipine
Nitric Oxide Donors: Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacology?
-Release NO when metabolized
-Relax smooth muscle (vascular, corpora cavernosa, short-lived in others (ex. bronchial, GI))
-Inhibit platelet aggregation
(Nitric Oxide Donors)
Organic Nitrites and Nitrates?
-Amyl Nitrate (1 NO)
-Isosorbide dinitrate (2 NO)
-Nitroglycerin (3 NO)
(metabolized in vein, short half-life, ONLY in vein)
(Nitric Oxide Donors)
Inorganic NO Donors?
-Nitroprusside (1 NO)
-Metabolized in blood cells
-Cyanide toxicity
-Targets both veins and vein
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Nitrites and Nitrates target is?
Vein
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Less blood in Heart to?
Pump, More Blood supplying Heart
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Preload?
-Decreased oxygen demand
-Improved collateral flow
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Increase blood flow to?
Coronary Arteries
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Increase capacitance in?
Vein
(Organic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Decrease?
Preload (Heart won’t work as hard)
(Inorganic NO Donors: Pharmacodynamics)
Nitroprusside?
Reduce Preload and Afterload
(works both in veins and arteries)
(O2 Supply and Demand)
(Arterial: Vein)
AV Oxygen Difference, Regional Myocardial Distribution, Coronary Blood Flow?
Oxygen Supply
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Contractility, Heart Rate, Preload, Afterload?
Oxygen Demand
(O2 Supply and Demand)
We want to increase?
Oxygen supply and decrease demand
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Heart isn’t getting enough Blood can cause?
Angina (No O2 to Heart so pain) if left too long will lead to MI
(Ischemia (20 minutes) Infarct (Cell Death))
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Can increase Coronary Blood Flow and give Heart more?
O2
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Reduce Preload?
Less O2 Demand
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Organic NO donor?
Increase O2 supply, decrease oxygen demand
(O2 Supply and Demand)
Organic NO donor?
Increase O2 supply, decrease oxygen demand
Classes of Angina?
-Stable Angina
-Unstable Angina
-Variant Angina
(Classes of Angina)
Stable Angina?
Exertion
(when you work hard and have heart pain)
(organic NO Donors)
(Classes of Angina)
Unstable Angina?
Plaque
(severe atherosclerosis –> coronary at blocked by platelet)
(reducing preload won’t help so organic doesn’t work)
(Classes of Angina)
Variant Angina?
Spasm
(contracts and blocks blood flow)
(reducing preload won’t help so organic doesn’t work)
(Clinical Uses of Nitric Oxide Donors)
Isosorbide denigrate/mononitrate?
Stable Angina
(Organic)
(Clinical Uses of Nitric Oxide Donors)
Nitroglycerin?
-Acute decompensated heart failure
-Acute myocardial infarction
-Angina
-Hypertensive emergency
-Hypotension induction
-Perioperative hypertension
-Acute pulmonary hypertension
(Not for chronic treatment of HTN)
(Organic)
(Clinical Uses of Nitric Oxide Donors)
Nitroprusside?
Hypertensive emergency
(Inorganic)
(Clinical Uses of Nitric Oxide Donors)
PK?
Onset fast, Half-Life Short (fast effect to get to the hospital)
Organic Nitrate/Nitrite Tolerance?
-Continuous 24 hour plasma levels of organic nitrates results in insurmountable tolerance (tachyphylaxis)
-Nitrate-free period of >10 hours are necessary to prevent or attenuate tolerance
-Tolerance is not developed to nitroprusside
(Nitric Oxide Donors: Adverse Effects, Contraindications, and Interactions)
(Adverse Effects)
Isosorbide dinitrate/mononitrate and Nitroglycerin?
-Hypotension (decrease BP)
-No blood to Brain
-Dizziness
-Headache
-Flushing
-Syncope (fainting)
(Nitric Oxide Donors: Adverse Effects, Contraindications, and Interactions)
(Precautions/Contraindications)
Isosorbide dinitrate/mononitrate and Nitroglycerin?
-Tolerance
-Increased intracranial pressure
-Pregnancy category C
Which Nitrate has no tolerance?
Nitroprusside