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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Groups

A

Groups of atoms that replace a H in an organic structure

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2
Q

Aldehydes and Ketones have what?

A

Carbonyl functional group C=O

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3
Q

hydrolysis

A

Reactant + H2O  product
adds water to break down

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4
Q

condensation

A

Reactant  H2O + product
condenses and removes water

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5
Q

Esters

A

prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols
Ex. ethyl acetate is prepared by the condensation reaction of acetic acid with ethanol

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6
Q

Amides

A

formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with an amine

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7
Q

Amines

A

a basic functional group
containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework

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8
Q

Biochemistry

A

the study of chemistry that takes place in the living cell

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9
Q

The most important types of biochemical compounds

A

Carbohydrates – Cx(H2O)y
Lipids: the oil soluble part of a cell- includes triglycerides aka fats
Amino acids and Proteins
Vitamins
Hormones

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have the general formula

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11
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides = simplest carbohydrates or sugars
(Glucose)
Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides = many monosaccharides, polymers of sugar molecules

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12
Q

Fats

A

lipids derived from animals
They contain mostly saturated fatty acids that have been condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are solid at room temperature

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13
Q

Oils

A

lipids derived from plants
They contain a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are liquid at room temperature

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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

contain no C=C double bonds

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15
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids

A

contain one C=C double bond

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16
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

contain more than one C=C double bond

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17
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats and Oils are both called triglycerides, Both have three ester linkages
Triglycerides are esters of glycerol and fatty acids

18
Q

Lipids

A

biological compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

19
Q

LIPEMIA

A

is the term we use for serum that has high lipid content
can lead to refraction via our spectrophotometric analysis and interfere with results
Lipemia has a very milky appearance

20
Q

Amino acids

A

the monomer units in biological polymers called peptides or proteins
contains a carboxylic acid group and an amino group

21
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Amino acids can undergo condensation reactions between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other amino acid

22
Q

Peptide bond types

A

peptide bond: amide link between amino acids
dipeptide: compound formed when two amino acid are condensed
tripeptide: Three amino acids
polypeptide: Ten or more amino acids

23
Q

Protein

A

When a polypeptide has a molecular weight of 10,000 g/mol or more

24
Q

Alpha Helices

A

One pattern of folding produces “corkscrew” shapes
are common and often repeated over and over again within a structure

25
Q

Beta sheets

A

Beta sheets are based on H-bonding between the side chains of different protein chains

26
Q

Protein Structure: Primary structures

A

order of amino acids

27
Q

Secondary structure

A

local patterns formed within the protein as it folds up
Ex. Beta sheets, Alpha helices

28
Q

Tertiary structure

A

overall shape – can be
Globular: very compact, spherical
Tubular: long, stringy
Tertiary structure is often held together by disulfide
(S-S) bonds

29
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Hemoglobin subunits

30
Q

Enzymes

A

are proteins that act as catalysts

31
Q

Enzymes increase reaction rates by how much?

A

10^12

32
Q

Enzymes work by?

A

lowering activation energy

33
Q

Simplest/most common catalysts are?

A

H+ and OH-

34
Q

Acids/Bases catalysts promote the hydrolysis reactions that breakdown

A

proteins to amino acids,
polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and
fats to glycerol + fatty acids

35
Q

or digestion, body does not use OH-, but instead uses?

A

H+ (stomach acid= HCl)

36
Q

In Biochemistry three of the most important types of molecules

A

Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins

37
Q

How are Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins formed?

A

are formed in condensation reactions

38
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

is the disruption of how a protein is folded
A protein must be folded up correctly in order to function

39
Q

Vitamins

A

organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts for proper functioning

40
Q

Non-polar vitamins that are fat-soluble

A

A, D, E, and K

41
Q

Polar or water-soluble vitamins are

A

B vitamins and C

42
Q

Hormones

A

serve to regulate body function
produced in the endocrine glands

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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