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PSYC 342 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal messengers can travel…

A

Anywhere in the body
1mm - 2 meters

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2
Q

Analogy of Neural transmission vs Hormonal communications

A

Neurotransmission: Train track (FAST))
Hormones: Bicycle (several paths but SLOW)

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3
Q

Hormone can have double action in diff tissues

A

e.g Epinephrine Hormone has double action in Liver cell with Beta receptor and blood vessel with beta receptor

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4
Q

Forms of Chemical Communication

A

Intractrine meditiation -> intracellular events
Autocrine -> Same cells that secreted them
Paracrine mediation-> affect adjacent cells
Endocrine mediation -> travel to distant targets
Ectocrine -> release into environment like pheromones

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5
Q

Diff between NT and Horomone

A

How they communicate

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6
Q

Neurohormone

A

Produced by neuron

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7
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Modulates response of a neuron to other factors(testorstorone)

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8
Q

Endocrine System

A

Endocrine glands - ductless, has rich blood supply, hormones secreted into the blood stream, can travel to virtually every cell in the body and can potentially interact with any cell that has appropriate receptors
Exocrine glands - outside the body

Pancreas

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9
Q

Pancreas

A

Has both endocrine and exocrine glands

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10
Q

Resistance

A

If we don’t have enough receptors then we have resistance

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes is…

A

Insulin resistance
Regular levels of insulin secretion are not sufficient to uptake the sugar levels in blood and transport to the inside of the cell

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12
Q

Cross reaction

A

When the blood concentration of a hormone is high binding with receptors that are specific for other related hormones reactions can occur causing a biological response

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13
Q

Polypeptides

A

Hydrophilic
Insulin
Epinephrine

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14
Q

Steroids

A

Hydrophobic
Cortisol

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15
Q

Amines

A

Epinephrine - Hydrophilic (Water-soluble)
Thyroxine - Hydrophobic (Lipid Soluble)

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16
Q

Lipid-soluble horomones

A

Testosterones
Progesterone
Need a carrier protein

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17
Q

Water-soluble horomones

A

Do not need a carrier
Need a receptor to get into the cell

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18
Q

Pathway hormone goes through depends on

A

Action of hormone

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19
Q

Hormones to learn: Slide 9 (Study)

A

Insulin, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone
Steroids like estrogen androgens testosterone and cortisol

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of hormone secretions

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21
Q

Thyroid

A

Growth and development; metabolic rate

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22
Q

Adrenal glands (on top of kidney)

A
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23
Q

Placenta -important female endocrine organ

A

Auxiliary organ necessary for embryonic development
Chorionic hormones are produced by placenta

24
Q

Main releasing hormones:

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH, somatocrinin)

25
Main inhibiting hormones:
somatostatin (growth hormone, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and dopamine DA)
26
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) -Hypothalamus
Excitatory Hypothalamic hormones Synthesized within the anterior portion of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (Pva) and it stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone) Nourishes the adrenal glands
27
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - Hypothalamus
Controls release of luteinizing hormone in the follicle stimulating hormone LH and FSH are fundamental in communication with the gonads
28
Tropic
Nourishment`
29
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone -Hypothalamus
Tells the gland that produces growth hormone to release the GH Secreted in VMN and arcuate nuclues of the hypothalamus
30
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Hypothalamus
Stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
31
Melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) - Hypothalamis
Hexapeptide that stimulates the secretion of melanotropin
32
Kisspeptin - Hypothalamus
Has an important role in initiating secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at puberty, involved ins sexual maturation
33
Inhibitory Hypothalamic hormones - Hypothalmus
Dopamine (DA) -arcuate nucleus, primary prolactin-inhibitory hormones Somatostatin (SOM) - growth hormone inhibiting hormone
34
Pituitary hormones
Pituitary receives a lot of commands from the hypothalamus
35
Anterior pituitaryvs
Develops from embryonic structure that comes from the roof of the mouth and migrates to the final location of the brain
36
Posterior pituitary
Outgrowth from base of the brain
37
Anterior pituitary hormones - SLid 16
38
Posterior pituitary hormones
Axonal projections from hypothalamus Neurohormones are directly secreted into structure
39
Vasopressin - Pituitary Posterior
40
HPT
hypothalamus->pituitary->thyroid
41
Specific thyroid hormones
T3(triiodothyronine) and T4(thyroxine)
42
Thyroglobulin
Precursor of T3 and T4 that people get for thyroid treatment
43
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid
44
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid
45
Three general effects of thyroid hormones in mammals
Affect metabolism Alter growth and differentiation Influence reproduction
46
Parathyroid hormones
Elevates blood levels of calcium (Ca2+) Increases reabsorption of Ca2+ from the bone and from the gut
47
Calitonin
Released from the C cells of the thyroid CT acts in opposition to parathyroid hormone to lower levels of calcium by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the bone
48
Both Parathryoid and Calcitonin hormones...
Are controlled by blood calcium levels (no releasing hormones acting)
49
Pancreatic hormones
Both endocrine and exocrine gland Consists of exocrine cells that produce and secrete digestive juices into the intestines Nested throughout the exocrine tissue are islands of endocrine tissue called islets of Langerhans
50
4 cell types in islets of Langerhans
alpha cells beta cells delta cells polypetide secreting cells
51
alpha cells in pancreas
produce glucagon glucagon travels to licer and stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glycogen) Acts in opposition to insulin Serves to increase blood levels of glucose
52
beta cells
Insulin acts in these cells first Diabetes is caused by decreased response to insulin The insulin molecule is concserved through evolution Insulin is the only known hormone that can lower blood sugar
53
Delta celles
Produce somatostatin (inhibitory) inhibits the release of insulin and glucogons in the pancreas also released from hypothalamus to to regulate the release of GH from the anterior pituitary
54
THE DISCOVERY OF INSULIN
Watch the video
55

PSYC 342 (2 decks)

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