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Biopsychology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 features of the nervous system ?

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
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2
Q

What does the CNS contain ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS contain ?

A

Nerves and Peripheral ganglia

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4
Q

What is included in the neuroaxis ?

A
  • Dorsal/Superior
  • Anterior/Rostral
  • Posterior/Caudal
  • Ventral/Inferior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
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5
Q

What is Dorsal/Superior ?

A

Dorsal: Toward the back, away fron the ventral (stomach side)
Superior: Above another part

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6
Q

What is Anterior/Rostral ?

A

Toward the front

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7
Q

What is Posterior/Caudal ?

A

Toward the rear end

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8
Q

What is Ventral/Inferior?

A

Toward the stomach, away from the dorsal (back) side

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9
Q

What is medial ?

A

Toward the midline, away from the side

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10
Q

What is lateral ?

A

Toward the side, awaty from the midline

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11
Q

What is the horizontal plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain structure as seen from above

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12
Q

What is the saggital plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

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13
Q

What is the Coronal plane ?

A

A plane that shows brain strutcture as seen from the front

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14
Q

What is the percentage of gray matter in the brain ?

A

40

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15
Q

When does gray matter fully develop ?

A

Once a person reaches their 20’s

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16
Q

What does gray matter do ?

A

Conducts, processes, and sends information to various parts of the body

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17
Q

What does gray matter contain ?

A

Contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies

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18
Q

What is the percentage of white matter in the brain ?

A

60

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19
Q

What is white matter made up of ?

A

It is made up of bundles which connect various gray matter areas

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20
Q

When does white matter develop ?

A

It develops throughout the 20’s and peaks in middle age

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21
Q

What does white matter do ?

A

Interprets sensory information from various parts of the body

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22
Q

What type of functions does the cortex do ?

A
  • higher-level function
  • decision making
  • language
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23
Q

What type of functions does the subcortex do ?

A

where we process more primitive functions
* emotion processed in the amygdala

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24
Q

What is corpus callosum ?

A

Largest bundle of axons

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25
What is **Ipislateral** ?
Structures located on the same side of the body/neuraxis
26
What is **Contralateral** ?
Structures located on opposite side of the body/neuraxis
27
What is **Broca's** Aphasia ?
* non-fluent aphasia * damage to the inferior frontal gyrus aka Broca's area
28
What is **Wernicke's** Aphasia ?
* fluent aphasia * posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
29
What is the function of the **forebrain** ?
To regulate the body's physiology and is also responsible for thought and sense perception
30
What is the function of the **midbrain** ?
To coordinate responses to light and sound
31
What is the function of the **hindbrain** ?
To control many basic bodily functions for survival
32
What is included in the **forebrain** ?
* Cerebral Cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital * Limbic system: olfactatory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus * Basal ganglia: striatum ( caudate nucleus, putamen), globus pallidus * Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
33
What are the **four lobes** of the cerebral cortex ?
1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal
34
What is the **frontal lobe** incharge of ?
abstract reasoning, emotion, personality, decision making, executive function, motor ( precentral gyrus )
35
What is the **parietal lobe** in charge of ?
numerical information, and integrates special information, processes sensory info ( postcentral gyrus/primary sensory cortex )
36
What is the **occipital lobe** in charge of ?
vision perception ( striate cortex/primary visual cortex damage and cortical blindness )
37
What is the **temporal lobe** in charge of ?
auditory information, memory and learning, language, facial recognition, emotion, and motivation
38
What is the **PFC** ?
* Prefrontal cortex * a brain region that modulates high-order (executive) cognitive processes
39
What is the **PFC** in charge of ?
* Reasoning * Problem solving * Comprehension * Impulse-control * Creativity and perserveance
40
What is **cortical homunculus** ?
How our bodies are represented in the brain
41
What is the **limbic system** ?
Structures that form the epicentre of emotion and behavioural expression
42
What is the limbic system **implicated** in ?
* Emotions (fear) * Anxiety * Depression * PTSD * Alzheimer's disease
43
What is the **amygdala** responsible for ?
Is responsible for emotions, such as fear, and anxiety
44
What is the **hippocampus** responsible for ?
Is responsible for memory
45
What is the **basal ganglia** ?
Bundles of subcortical nuclei that lie beneath the lateral ventricles, lateral to thalamus
46
What does the basal ganglia **include** ?
* striatum ( caudaute nucleus, putamen) * globus pallidus
47
What is the responsibility of the **basal ganglia** ?
* Procedural learning * Reward system * important for motor movement
48
What is basal ganglia **implicted** in ?
* Parkinson's * Schizophrenia * OCD
49
What is **diencephalon** ?
Smaller portion of the forebrain that surrounds the third ventricles
50
What is the **thalamus** ?
Projection fibres connect to the cortical surface to relay sensation, spatial, and motor signal information
51
What is the **thalamus** responsible for ?
* Acts as a gateway to higher cortical function * Regulates consciouesness, sleep, alertness
52
What is the **hypothalamus** responsible for ?
* Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system * Fighting, feeding, feeling, mating, sleeping, drinking ( Motivational behaviours )
53
What is the **anterior pituary** ? | master gland
Releases tropic hormones that control secretion and production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system
54
What is the **midbrain** ? | mesencephalin
Topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central b/w the brain and the spinal cord
55
What are the **structures** included in the **midbrain**
Tectum and tegmentum
56
What is the **tectum** ?
the roof of the midbrain
57
What is the **tegmentum** ?
contains nuclei for the 12 cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation
58
What is **substantia nigra** ?
Gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement
59
What is included in the **hindbrain** ?
* **Metencephalon**: pons and cerebellum * **Myelencephalon**: Medulla Oblongata
60
What do **pons** do ?
* Directs communication between the cerebellum and the forebrain * helps control breathing and circulation
61
What does the **medulla oblongata** do ?
* Influences the brain centers that regulate sleep and waking * helps control respiration and circulation
62
What does the **cerebellum** do ?
Integrates what we see, hear, and feel; coordinates balance and movement
63
What **2** nervous systems are within the PNS
Somatic and Autonomic
64
What does the **somatic** nervous system do and include?
* controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system from the skin and sense organs * spinal nerves and cranial nerves
65
What does the **autonomic** nervous system do and include ?
* the portion of the PNS that controls the body's vegetative functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) * sympathetic nervous system * parasympathetic nervous system
66
What are **spinal nerves** ?
from the vetebral column, fibers travel to muscles or from sensory receptors
67
What is a **dorsal** root ?
allow motor neurons to enter spinal cord | afferent axons
68
What is a **ventral** root ?
allow motor neurons to exit spinal cord | efferent axons
69
What are **cranial nerves** responsible for ?
Sensory/motor function of head and neck
70
How many **pairs** of cranial nerves are there ?
12 pairs that are attatched to ventral surface of brain
71
What occurs in the **sympathetic** nervous system ?
activation associated with energy expenditure and mobilization (increased blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine release) * fight-or-flight (mobilization)
72
What occurs in the **parasympathetic** nervous system ?
processess associated with conserving and restoring energy ( salivation, blood flow to gastrointestinal tract, digestion ) * Rest and Digest (restoration and conservation)
73
What are the 2 categories for **research methods** ?
Non-invasive and invasive
74
What are **non-invasive** methods ?
* Correlate brain anatomy with behaviour * Record brain activity during behaviour
75
What are **invasive** methods ?
* Examine the effects of brain damage * Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area
76
What is **phrenology** ?
The process of relating skull anatomy to behaviour
77
What is a **computerized tomography (ct scan)** ?
Inject dye into the blood and pass X-rays through the head
78
What is **magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** ?
Applies a powerful magnetic field to image the brain
78
What is a **fMRI** ?
Modified version of a MRI based on hemoglobin
78
What is a **electroencephalography (EEG)** ?
Records electrical activity of the brain thorugh electrodes
78
What is **Near-Infared Spectroscopy (NIRS)** ?
Measures the oxygenation levels of cerebral hemoglobin
78
What is a **Magnetoencephalography (MEG)** ?
Measures faint magentic responses generated by brain activity
78
What can **brain damage** produce ?
inabilty to recognize faces, perceive motion, changes in emotional responses, etc
78
What is a **Postiron Emission Tomography (PET)** ?
Provides a high resolution image of brain activity in a living brain
78
What is **lesion** ?
damage to brain area, often done for research
79
What is **ablation** ?
removal of a brain area
79
What is **Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)** ?
application of an itnense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet | neurostimulator
79
What is **Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)** ?
Passes small electric current ( 1 - 2 mA) through the scalp, skull, and meninges to stimulate the brain | Neuromoderator
79
What is a **stereotaxic instrument** ?
used percisely to identify brain structures
80
What is **optogenetics** ?
A technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines light on the brain using a laser

Biopsychology (7 decks)

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