Lecture 3

Question 1

How many layers are in the neocortex?

Answer 1

6

Question 2

the neocortex is also known as the cerebral cortex. T/F

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What are the 6 layers of the neocortex? Superficial to deep.

Answer 3

Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer

Question 4

How thick is the neocortex?

Answer 4

2-4mm

Question 5

What are the major differences between the layers of motor cortex and sensory cortex?

Answer 5

Motor cortex: thin granular layers but thick pyramidal layers
Sensory cortex: thick granular layers and thin pyramidal layers

Question 6

What are the largest pyramidal cells and where are they located?

Answer 6

Beta cells, located in the frontal lobe M1.

Question 7

What is the central neuron of the neocortex?

Answer 7

Pyramidal cells

Question 8

What neurotransmitters are associated to pyramidal cells?

Answer 8

Glutamate
Aspartate

Question 9

What do glutamate and aspartate do?

Answer 9

Excitatory, aide in the activation of the next neuron in the CNS.

Question 10

Which cells feed information back to the pyramidal cells by processing/integrating afferent information?

Answer 10

Interneurons

Question 11

What neurotransmitters are associated with interneurons? which are excitatory and which ones are Inhibitory? Do they change?

Answer 11

Glutamate (excitatory become inhibitory in retina)
Aspartate (excitatory become inhibitory in retina)
GABA (Always inhibitory)

Question 11

What is the ratio of pyramidal cells to interneurons in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

4:1

Question 12

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 12

Depending projection fibers between the basal nuclei or between the basal nuclei and thalamus.

Question 13

What are the two limbs of the internal capsule?

Answer 13

Anterior limb: b/w caudate, putamen
Posterior limb: b/w putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus

Question 14

Describe the Broca’s area?

Answer 14

Brodmanns area: 44,45 (L hemisphere)
Expression and control of speech

Question 15

Describe the Wernicke’s area?

Answer 15

Brodmanns area: 22 (L hemisphere)
Comprehension and progression of speech

Question 16

Brodmanns are: ___ houses the frontal eye field.

Answer 16

8

Question 16

Brodmanns area: ___ houses premotor and supplementary area.

Answer 16

6

Question 17

Brodmanns area: ___ pre central gyrus M1

Answer 17

4

Question 18

Brodmanns area: ___ post central gyrus S1

Answer 18

3,1,2

Question 19

Brodmanns area: ___ V1

Answer 19

17

Question 20

There are huge variation in the mapping of the neocortex, meaning the map changes constantly. T/F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Brodmanns area: ___ A1

Answer 21

41

Question 22

A patient presents to the clinic with limited lateral gaze L, not passing midline. What can we assume happened and where?

Answer 22

R sided stroke at the frontal eye field limiting the horizontal gaze center.

Question 23

If a seizer were to happen on the L side at the frontal eye field, what control center is affected and what sign will appear?

Answer 23

The horizontal gaze control center The eyes will be fixed to the R

Question 24

A patient with a stroke around the left inferior frontal lobe can't speak fluently. Which brodmanns are is affected?

Answer 24

Brocas area: 44/45

Question 24

What takes up over half of the frontal lobe?

Answer 24

Higher level motor control centers.