Lecture 3

Question 1

What responds to changes in environment

Answer 1

dozens of specialised receptor cells
( most are not neurones but are directly connected to sensory neurones)

Question 2

when do we sense things ?

Answer 2

when things are changing

Question 3

getting used to a specific stimulus

Answer 3

sensory adaptation

Question 4

sensory neurone –> spinal nerve how >?

Answer 4

long myelinated sensory neurone from all over the body ( except head ) enters spinal cord
via dorsal root of spinal nerves

Question 5

where to neurones send axons when they’re sending precisely localised information?

Answer 5

top of spinal cord ( medulla )

Question 6

where to neurones send axons when they’re sending poorly localised information?

Answer 6

axons synapse immediately with other neurones
all sensory neurones go together into one inter-neurone which sends signals to brain

Question 7

where do sensory nerves from head send axons ?

Answer 7

directly into brain via cranial nerves ( eg optic nerve )

Question 8

what are all signals transmitted via ( from head )

Answer 8

several relay stations
integrated with other incoming signals from ‘lower’ , ‘higher’, and same level processing stages

Question 9

brain stem has..

Answer 9

hind brain and midbrain

Question 10

hind brain has

Answer 10

medulla + pons + cerebellum

Question 11

medulla + pons

Answer 11

where spinal cord enters brain

has lots of nuclei of the autonomic NS

Question 12

cerebellum

Answer 12

‘little brain’

not part of brain stem

balance , motor learning

Question 13

midbrain is also called + where is it

Answer 13

mesencephalon

above pons

Question 14

midbrain function

Answer 14

information from diff sense modalities

direction of attention

Question 15

forebrain has ( diencephalon part )

Answer 15

thalamus

hypothalamus

Question 16

thalamus

Answer 16

massive stucture on top of midbrain
centre of brain

main relay station for incoming sensory signals

receives downward going input from higher areas, modulating the relay of sensory signals

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

small structure in front of + below thalamus

directly connected to pituitary gland (master gland of endocrine system - controls activity of all other glands )

gateway to ES
- NS can influence ES via hypothalamus - pituitary connection

Question 18

telencephalon ( the forebrain )

Answer 18

cerebral hemispheres
basal ganglia
limbic system
cortex and corpus collosum

Question 19

diencephalon

Answer 19

thalamus ( right and left )- to moderate sensory signals

hypothalamus
cerebrum

Question 20

where do the signals coming from the diencephalon go ?

Answer 20

incoming signals go up to the cerebrum

Question 21

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 21

divided into two highly similar hemispheres

each covered in cerebral cortex

also has several groups of sub-cortical nuclei

Question 22

cerebral cortex

Answer 22

( thin layer of neurones covering each hemisphere )

Question 23

sub-cortical nuclei

Answer 23

tight cluster of neuron’s cell bodies

Question 24

how do hemispheres receive input and send output ? ( direction )

Answer 24

to the contralateral side of the body

Question 25

basal ganglia

Answer 25

group of nuclei surrounding the thalamus motor control process has globus pallidus, putamen, caudate

Question 26

what is sometimes considered inside the basal ganglia ?

Answer 26

amygdala closely connected to this system, so its sometimes considered in the basal ganglia - but usually in context of limbic system

Question 27

putamen and caudate

Answer 27

corpus striatum ( striped body )

Question 28

limbic system

Answer 28

several interconnected cortical and sub-cortical areas role in memory + emotion

Question 29

sub-cortical areas in limbic system

Answer 29

almost complete circle formed by formix and hippocampus , ending in mammillary body and amygdale

Question 30

what is the limbic system connected to

Answer 30

hypothalamus (septum) and olfactory system - sense of smell

Question 31

cortical area in limbic system

Answer 31

cingulate cortex directly above corpus callosum (evolutionary older )

Question 32

Cortex and corpus callosum parts

Answer 32

cerebral cortex corpus callosum longitudinal fissure - sulcus gyrus occipital lobe temporal lobe

Question 33

cerebral Cortex structure

Answer 33

multi layered sheet of neurones cell bodies covering the whole hemisphere ( not just the outside but inner medial surface also )

Question 34

corpus callosum structure

Answer 34

thick bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres

Question 35

corpus collosum function

Answer 35

all signal transfer between corticles of the hemispheres does here

Question 36

gyrus

Answer 36

outward folded areas highly folded, forming gyri

Question 37

sucli

Answer 37

inward folded areas

Question 38

longitudinal fissure

Answer 38

largest sulcus ( shallower groove that surrounds gyrus ) separating left and right hemispheres smaller sulci used to define boundaries of cerebral lobes

Question 39

occipital lobe

Answer 39

visual perception

Question 40

temporal lobe

Answer 40

auditory perception

Question 41

parietal lobe

Answer 41

somatosensory perception inter-sensory + sensory motor integration

Question 42

frontal lobe

Answer 42

planning and motor output

Question 43

general processing principle

Answer 43

sensory input from right side of body ( of right visual field ) is processed in the left half of the brain motor output to the right side of the body is generated in left half of brain

Question 44

sensory signals from diencephalon relayed where ?

Answer 44

relayed to their appropriate primary sensory cortex

Question 45

how is the way a signal is interpreted depend on ?

Answer 45

on its location

Question 46

where to visual signals go to ?

Answer 46

visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 47

where to auditory signals go ?

Answer 47

auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

Question 48

signals from skin, muscles and joints go where ?

Answer 48

somato-sensory cortex ( parietal lobe )

Question 49

topographic representation

Answer 49

inside specific sensory areas, signals arrive at positions corresponding to the position of the receptor cells signal transmission and interpretation

Question 50

somatotopic map

Answer 50

signals from the hand arrive in the hand area of somatosensory cortex next to the arm area ..which is next to shoulder area

Question 51

retinotopic map

Answer 51

visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in the primary visual cortex

Question 52

tonotopic map

Answer 52

auditory signals from adjacent areas of the chochlea arrive at adjacent areas in the primary auditory cortex

Question 53

why do so many topographic maps exist ?

Answer 53

for each sense modality

Question 54

direction of signal transmission - transmission + location

Answer 54

neurones transmit signals only in one direction dendrites --> cell body/soma --> end of axon

Question 55

direction of signal transmission - receive

Answer 55

some input comes from functionally 'higher' processing areas (top down or feed-back) other inout comes from earlier functionally 'lower' processing areas (bottom up or feed forward ) other input comes from neighbouring neuron's in the same area

Question 56

cortical motor areas location

Answer 56

in frontal cortex at boundary of parietal cortex

Question 57

function of supplementary cortex and pre-motor cortex

Answer 57

involved in planning, monitoring, sensory guidance of movements

Question 58

primary motor cortex does what ( final execution stage )

Answer 58

its motor neurones send axons directly down the spinal cord ( the pyramidal tract)

Question 59

what is the cortical motor area connected with ?

Answer 59

2 sub-cortical structures - forming complex motor control circuits basal ganglia , cerebellum

Question 61

basal ganglia does what in motor control circuits ?

Answer 61

modulate movements - particularly involves in selective inhibition movements they selectively inhibit movements

Question 62

cerebellum does what in motor control circuits ?

Answer 62

involves in maintaining posture + balance timing of movements motor learning eg. walk

Question 63

where do basal ganglia and cerebellum receive their input from?

Answer 63

motor cortex, sensory cortex, other sub-cortical structures