lecture 3

Question 1

What bones form each side of the pelvis?

Answer 1

• Ileum
• Pubis
• Ischium

These three bones contribute to the structure of the pelvic girdle.

Question 2

What does the head of the femur articulate with?

Answer 2

The acetabulum

The acetabulum is a large socket formed by the ileum, pubis, and ischium.

Question 3

What are the components of the acetabulum?

Answer 3

• Articular surface
• Non-articular surface
• Acetabular labrum

Each component plays a role in the function and stability of the hip joint.

Question 4

What is the function of the articular surface of the acetabulum?

Answer 4

Transmits body weight to the femur and is lined with hyaline cartilage

The articular surface is widest superiorly to accommodate weight distribution.

Question 5

What is the acetabular fossa?

Answer 5

Central depression for ligamentum teres

It is part of the non-articular surface of the acetabulum.

Question 6

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

Answer 6

Deepens the socket and increases stability

It is a fibrocartilaginous rim that surrounds the acetabulum.

Question 7

List the key landmarks of the proximal femur.

Answer 7

• Head of femur
• Neck of femur
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Intertrochanteric line

These landmarks are important for identifying femoral anatomy.

Question 8

What is the normal angle of inclination of the femur?

Answer 8

120-135 degrees

This angle is formed between the neck and shaft of the femur.

Question 9

What does the term ‘Valga’ refer to in femoral angles?

Answer 9

Angle greater than 135 degrees, indicating a long leg

It is the opposite of ‘Vara’, which indicates a short leg.

Question 10

What are the movements allowed by the hip joint?

Answer 10

• Flexion / extension
• Abduction / adduction
• Medial / lateral rotation
• Circumduction

The hip joint is a synovial ball and socket joint allowing for a wide range of motion.

Question 11

What contributes to the stability of the hip joint?

Answer 11

• Deep socket
• Labrum
• Ligaments and capsule

These structures work together to maintain joint integrity during movement.

Question 12

What is the ligamentum teres?

Answer 12

Runs from acetabular notch to the fovea on femoral head

It contains a branch of the obturator artery and plays a minimal role in adults.

Question 13

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 13

Prevents hyperextension

It is the strongest ligament of the hip joint, providing stability in standing posture.

Question 14

What does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?

Answer 14

Hyper-abduction

This ligament contributes to the stability of the hip joint.

Question 15

What is the role of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 15

Posterior reinforcement of capsule

It is weaker than the anterior ligaments and is supported by gluteal muscles.

Question 16

What are the retinacular arteries?

Answer 16

From the trochanteric anastomosis of:
* Medial femoral circumflex artery
* Lateral femoral circumflex artery
* Inferior gluteal artery

These arteries supply blood to the femoral head.

Question 17

What is the risk associated with intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur?

Answer 17

High risk of avascular necrosis

This is particularly true for subcapital fractures, which are near the femoral head.

Question 18

How are extracapsular fractures managed?

Answer 18

Managed with internal fixation

Blood supply is preserved in extracapsular fractures, allowing for different management strategies.

Question 19

What typically causes hip dislocation?

Answer 19

High energy trauma

90% of cases are posterior dislocations, which may lead to complications.

Question 20

What is a common complication following hip replacement?

Answer 20

Posterior dislocation

Limb appears shortened, adducted, and internally rotated in such cases.