Lecture 3: 2, 3yo WCC Flashcards

Question

normal development: autonomy and impulse control

Answer 1

* Autonomy * A toddler has new physical abilities that give them independence. * Testing their abilities is a normal part of development. * Impulse Control * Babies and toddlers have poor impulse control. (Ex. If they see a toy they will immediately grab it even if they have been instructed not to.) * By around 3 yo children develop improved impulse control. They are beginning to understand delayed gratification. (Ex. Experiments where they tell children if they do not eat a cookie for 5 min they will get 2 cookies at the end.)

Answer 2

* The struggle between their new autonomy and parental authority results in the Terrible Twos. * Limit-setting becomes crucial to the parent-as-authority role * consequences must be clear and enforcement should be consistent * consequences must be brief and linked directly to behavior * Link praise for intended behavior (star chart) * Replace parent-child bargaining with provision of options by the parent * Consistency and Routine will slowly allow behavior modification over time

Answer 3

* The child’s behavioral “style”. Chess and Thomas followed 100 children from birth to adulthood. * easy child-outgoing and easily adapts to new situations * difficult child- does not adapt well to new situations and is very resistant * “slow to warm up” children- need more time to adapt to new situations. In between an ”easy” and “difficult” child * Modifying Behaviors * Environment- parent has some control * Learning- parent can adjust how child learns and can adjust according to child’s ability * Temperament- parent does not have control of temperament but important to recognize a child’s temperament for a situation. Important to realize the differences in temperament between parent and child.

Answer 4

* positive reinforcement * Increases frequency of behavior by following behavior with a positive consequence (reward). (Ex. If child finished their vegetables they get praise.) * Rewards do not have to be elaborate. * negative reinforcement * Increases frequency of behavior by following behavior with removal of unpleasant event. (Ex. If child is upset he has vegetables his parents take them away to make the child happy again) * Negative reinforcements are often performed unintentionally by parents and reinforce undesired behaviors (e.g., attention to tantrums) * extinction * ignoring a behavior to avoid reinforcement * punishment * negative consequence for unwanted behavior * less effective than positive reinforcement * more effective if used **_with_** positive reinforcement

Answer 5

* * Can begin discipline after 6 months of age * Must be tailored to developmental age * express each misbehavior as a clear and concrete rule * “Don’t hit your brother.” * “No yelling when a parent is inside the house.” * state the acceptable behavior or alternative * ignore unimportant or irrelevant behavior * use rules that are fair and attainable * consider developmental level * Take advantage of desire to imitate * Be the role model (reading, cleaning, organizing) * * concentrate on one rule at a time and add rules slowly * safety * relating to others * biting, kicking, screaming * damaging property * * avoid trying to change “no-win” behavior through punishment * e.g., bed-time, homework refusal, masturbation * positive reinforcement for target behavior * apply the rules consistently * write the rules down, if necessary * Star Chart so that good behavior can be recognized and rewarded

Answer 6

* simple punishment/reset button * lack of abstract thinking obviates child’s consideration of how bad the behavior was * unavoidable and unpleasant consequence provides motivation to learn and avoid the misbehavior * one minute per year of age * no response from parent during timeout * no expression of anger from parent * avoid a battle of wills: use child’s frustration with imposition of parental will to redirect child to desired behavior * portable kitchen timers help

Answer 7

* Physical punishment is not recommended by the AAP. * It can make children more violent later on in life. * It is legal to spank a child as punishment. * Some Guidelines: * A parent should always give themselves time to cool off before spanking a child. * The punishment must be “reasonable.” * Should be with open hand on an area that is well protected ex. bottom

Answer 8

* Common in 18 month to 4-year-old children * peaking late in third year of life (before age 3) * Normal when brief and not accompanied by manipulative behaviors. * Typically 2 to 5 minutes. * History can elicit recurrent problems causing frustration, anger, or inability to cope, but also unmet real needs * hunger * fatigue * overstimulation * inadequate physical activity * domestic violence

Answer 9

* Goal is self-regulation of anger & frustration * assess for normal unmet need * remove unnecessary triggers * distraction * removal from environment * positive reinforcement for good behavior * adhere to routines * Interventions usually cause problems to worsen for 1-2 weeks before improvement

Answer 10

* Normal Behavior * Gender self-identification typically occurs around age 2 or 3 yo but possibly can be evolving topic for some. Acknowledge gender fluidity. * This is an age of curiosity and poor understanding of personal boundaries and social norms. Normal behavior generally supports this outlook: * Children will touch their own genitalia both in public and in private * They are interested in showing their genitalia to others * They may attempt to touch other’s genitalia particularly of the opposite sex due to its novelty * They may stare at other people’s naked bodies. * By 5 yo children start to understand what is socially acceptable and become more modest.

Answer 11

* Masturbation at this time is typically not a sexualized behavior. * Instruction about appropriate time and place is typically the only necessary intervention. * Can be more common in children with intellectual disability.

Answer 12

* Behavior that is concerning for abuse: * Any behavior that imitates adult sexual acts * Coercion of other children to participate in sexual behavior * Insertion of objects * Behavior that is intrusive or harmful * If you have concern, as a medical provider you are a mandated reporter and should discuss this with a social worker and file a report.