Lecture 3 Flashcards
(127 cards)
0
Q
The Central Nervous System is comprised of the _____ and _____.
A
Brain
Spinal cord
1
Q
Th nervous system is broken down into _____ and ______.
A
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
2
Q
The ____ handles information from a variety of sources and is analogous to the CPU.
A
Brain
3
Q
The ______ is the main branch that transmits messages to and from the brain.
A
Spinal cord
4
Q
The _____ is comprised of all the nerves “outside” the brain and spinal cord.
A
Peripheral Nervous System
5
Q
_____ nerves carry sensory information from parts of the body to the brain for processing.
A
Afferent
6
Q
_____ nerves carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.
A
Efferent
7
Q
Efferent nerves are also known as ____ nerves.
A
Motor
8
Q
_____ = at nerves
A
Afferent
9
Q
_____ = exits nerves
A
Efferent
10
Q
The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two main divisions:
A
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
11
Q
_____ Nervous System is the involuntary response of the PNS.
A
Autonomic
12
Q
The Autonomic Nervous System regulates _____ and _____ systems.
A
Cardiopulmonary
Digestive
13
Q
The ANS is further divided into 3 branches:
A
️Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
14
Q
_____ Nervous System is the voluntary response of the PNS and is under conscious control.
A
Somatic
15
Q
Somatic Nervous System controls ______.
A
Skeletal muscles during voluntary movement
16
Q
Somatic Nervous System is predominantly ______ control over skeletal muscle activity.
A
Conscious
17
Q
_____ Nervous System has one junction where the stimulus travels via a single nerve axon and then travels to a synapse.
A
Somatic
18
Q
Describe how nerves move via the Somatic Nervous System.
A
It is a one junction system that travels via a single nerve axon.
No ganglia
19
Q
_____ is the neurotransmitter substance found in the somatic system.
A
Acetylcholine
20
Q
In the Somatic Nervous System the _____ is the neuromuscular junction.
A
Synapse
21
Q
The _____ and ______ coordinate regulation integration of bodily functions and make extensive use of feedback arcs.
A
ANS
Endocrine System
22
Q
The ANS and Endocrine System coordinate regulation integration of bodily functions and make extensive use of _______.
A
Feedback arcs
23
Q
______ uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.
A
ANS
24
______ uses hormonal signals.
Endocrine system
25
The efferent division carries nerve impulses which _____ the CNS.
Exit
26
The ______ division carries nerve impulses which exit the CNS.
Efferent
27
After leaving the CNS the efferent nerves proceed to the ____.
Ganglia
28
______ = clusters of nerve cell bodies lying outside of the CNS.
Ganglia
29
The first neuron is a _____ or _____ neuron.
Presynaptic
| Preganglionic
30
A ganglion is the _____ that lies outside of the CNS.
Nerve cell
31
The ganglion journeys from the brain to the ______.
First junction or synapse
32
The second neuron is the ______ or ______.
Postsynaptic
| Post ganglionic
33
The post-synaptic neuron travels from the ganglia to the _____.
Target site
34
Neurotransmitter substance at both pre-ganglionic sites is _____.
Acetylcholine
35
Where is ACh found?
All pre-synaptic
| Post-synaptic of parasympathetic.
36
The neurotransmitter that carries the impulse to the voluntary muscle or gland at the post ganglionic junction of the sympathetic system is ____.
Norepi
37
Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine found?
Post-synaptic junction of sympathetic nervous system
38
The _____ division is important because its neurons are often involved in reflex signaling arcs.
Afferent
39
Example of signaling arcs
Carotid bodies
40
_____ is the semi-autonomous part of the ANS in the GI tract.
Enteric nervous system
42
Enteric Nervous System is the _____ part of the ANS in the GI tract.
Semi-autonomous
43
Two components of the Enteric Nervous System
Myenteric Plexus
| Submucous Plexus
44
Neurons of the Enteric Nervous System send ____ input to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and receives ____ output from them.
Sensory (input)
| Motor (output)
45
Parasympathetic action on ureters and bladder
Contraction of detrusor (to pee)
| Relaxation of trigone and sphincter
46
Sympathetic action on kidney
Secretion of renin (B1 increases, A1 decreases)
47
Sympathetic action on male genitalia
Stimulation of ejaculation
48
Sympathetic action on blood vessels in skin, mucous membranes, and splanchnic area.
Constriction
49
Parasympathetic action on GI system
Increased motility and tone
50
Sympathetic action on eye
Pupil dilates (iris radial muscle contracts).
51
Parasympathetic action on trachea and bronchioles
Constriction
| Increased secretions
52
Sympathetic action on female genitalia
Relaxation of uterus
53
Sympathetic action on ureters and bladder
Relaxation of detrusor (to not pee)
| Contraction of trigone and sphincter
54
Parasympathetic action on heart
Decreased rate and contractility
55
Parasympathetic action on eye
```
Pupil contracts (iris sphincter muscle contracts)
Lens accommodates for near vision (ciliary muscle contracts)
```
56
Sympathetic action on salivary glands
Thick, viscous secretions
57
Sympathetic action of trachea and bronchioles
Dilation
58
Sympathetic action on heart
Increased rate and contractility
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Sympathetic action on blood vessels in skeletal muscle
Dilation
60
Sympathetic action on GI system
Decreased muscle motility and tone
| Contraction of sphincter
61
Parasympathetic action on male genitalia
Stimulation of erection
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Sympathetic action of adrenal medulla
Secretion of epi and norepi
63
Parasympathetic action on salivary glands
Copious, watery secretions
64
Parasympathetic action on lacrimal glands
Stimulation of tears
65
What area is sympathetic, but uses the neurotransmitter Ach?
Sweat glands
66
____ output is diffuse because postganglionic neurons may innervate more than one organ.
Sympathetic
67
Sympathetic and parasympathetic actions often ____ each other.
Oppose
68
Site of origin for sympathetic innervation
Thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord (thoracolmbar)
69
Length of parasympathetic fibers
Long preganglionic
| Short post postganglionic
70
The ____ is involved in the ANS by virtue of its position in the center of many ANS reflex arcs.
CNS
71
____ output is discrete because postganglionic neurons are not branched, but are directed to a specific organ.
Parasympathetic
72
The ANS can also be affected by the CNS as a result of ________.
Strong feelings or emotions
73
All ____ neurons are cholinergic, meaning they release Ach.
Preganglionic
74
Length of sympathetic fibers
Short preganglionic
| Long postganglionic
75
Sites of origin for parasympathetic innervation
Brain and sacral area of spinal cord (craniosacral)
76
All somatic neurons are _____.
Cholinergic
77
What 4 places only receive sympathetic stimulation?
Sweat glands
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Piloerector muscles
78
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are ____.
Cholinergic
79
Location of ganglia in sympathetic system
Close to spinal cord
80
Most postganglionic ____ neurons are adrenergic, meaning they release norepi.
Sympathetic
81
____ preganglionic neurons = cholinergic
All
82
Where is blood pressure almost exclusively controlled?
SNS
83
Location of ganglia in parasympathetic system
Within effector organ
84
Sympathetic preganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
85
The ___ is a big sympathetic ganglion releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Adrenal medulla
86
Parasympathetic postganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
87
Cholinergic neurons can have 2 receptors:
Muscarinic
| Nicotinic
88
Postganglionic ____ neurons are cholinergic.
Parasympathetic
89
At the highest CNS level, ____ exist involving the most primitive parts of the brain (medulla oblongata and midbrain).
Reflex arcs
90
____ neurons can have nicotinic or muscarinic receptors.
Cholinergic
91
Most sympathetic postganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
92
What is the #1 cardiovascular variable the body seeks to auto-regulate?
MAP
93
Adrenergic neurons can be further divided into:
Alpha
Beta
Dopaminergic
94
What happens when a patient is given levophed?
Heart rate and contractile force increase, but the baroreceptors begin to fire causing decreased sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic which is why there isn't a sustain rise in heart rate.
95
Parasympathetic preganglionic = ____ neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
96
Where are baroreceptors found?
Aortic arch
| Carotid sinus
97
What is the net effect of levophed?
Increase SVR and decrease heart rate even though it has direct positive chronotropic effects.
98
If the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by the chemical it produces it is referred to as ______.
Autoreceptor
99
_____ neurons can have alpha, beta, and dopaminergic receptors.
Adrenergic
100
The only muscarinic receptors are located at the effector ___ cells of the PNS.
Postganglionic
101
Muscarinic activation is AKA _____
Parasympathomimetc
102
6 steps of cholinergic neurotransmission
1) Synthesis of Ach
2) Uptake into storage vesicles
3) Release of neurotransmitter
4) Binding to the receptor
5) Degradation of Ach
6) Recycling of choline
103
If the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by chemicals that are released by neurons with which it has a synapse (that it doesn't produce) it is referred to as _____.
Heterotrophic
104
The only ____ receptors are located at the effector postganglionic cells of the PNS.
Muscarinic
105
____ receptors are located at the neuromuscular junctions and at the ganglia of the ANS.
Nicotinic
106
Ach is hydrolyzed rapidly by _____.
Acetylcholinesterase
107
Choline has to be ____ transported.
Actively
108
Choline has a strong ____ charge.
Positive
109
The uptake of choline is the ____ step in the synthesis of ACh.
Rate-limiting
110
The vesicles containing ACh look like beads on the presynaptic nerve terminal and are referred to as ____.
Varicosities
111
_____ rushes into the nerve ending causing the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane which frees the ACh, ATP, and other chemicals into the synaptic cleft.
Calcium
112
A ____ reaction allows choline to re-penetrate the presynaptic cell membrane.
Sodium-coupled
113
What does Muscarinic stimulation do?
Consistent with the concept of "Feed and Breed"
114
____ muscarinic agonists have some nicotinic action.
Most
115
3 examples of direct acting nicotinic agonists:
Varencline tartrate
Nicotine
Carbachol (miostat)
116
Future uses of nicotinics?
Alzheimer's
117
3 examples of direct acting muscarinic agonists:
Bethanechol (urecholine) [bladder emptying]
Cevimeline (Evoxac) [dry mouth]
Pilocarpine (Salagen) [glaucoma]
118
____ nicotinic agonists have some muscarinic action.
All
119
How do indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists work?
Reversibly bind to acetylcholinesterase
| blocks acetylcholinesterase which prevents the breakdown of ACh and allows levels to build up
120
Example of indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists
Edrophonium
121
What is an example of Edrophonium being used?
Tensilon testing for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
122
What 3 other drugs are used for treatment of myasthenia gravis?
What type of drugs are these?
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Ambnonium
indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists
123
2 indirect-acting reversible cholinergic agonists used for treatment of glaucoma.
How do they work?
Physostigmine
Demecarium
Opens the drainage angle
124
____ is a topical organophosphate used for the treatment of glaucoma.
What type of drug is this?
Echothiophate
indirect-acting irreversible cholinergic agonists
125
____ are bad, bad dudes
organophosphates
126
7 side effects of organophosphates
```
Excess salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Vomiting, defecation, GI cramps
Unable to breath
Loss of muscular control
Death
```
127
What can possibly be used to reverse or decrease the effects of indirect-acting irreversible cholinergic agonists?
Pralidoxime (along with atropine)
