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EBP > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A
  • Variable that is manipulated (assignment to treatment status)
  • Presumed “cause” of an effect
  • Characteristic that is being observed or measured that is hypothesized to influence an event
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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • Outcome (result) of an intervention or exposure, event that occurs or characteristic that changes
  • Measured variable used to determine the effects of the independent variable
  • Outcome whose variation we seek to explain or account for by the influence of the independent variables
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3
Q

Confounder variable

A

factor other than the independent variable that influences outcome

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4
Q

Attribute variables

A

Used to describe a sample (ie demographics)

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5
Q

Explanatory varaibles

A

Variable that causally explains the relationship or outcome under study

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6
Q

Predictor variable

A

Variable that is causally related to a future outcome

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7
Q

Internal validity

A
  • Extent to which the study lacks BIAS

- How well does the study support a causal relationship?

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8
Q

External validity

A

Generalizability of results

-Can results be applied to the population? Can they be applied to your patient?

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9
Q

Bias

A
  • A systematic error in the way a study is carried out that can lead to false conclusions
  • Any trend in the data, analysis, interpretation, collection, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are different from the truth
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10
Q

Threats to internal validity/sources of bias

A

History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, group assignment, loss to follow-up, treatment crossover, compensatory issues

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11
Q

Threats to external validity (generalization)

A

Subject selection, setting of research, passage of time since study conducted

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12
Q

Causation

A

An outcome or event will occur as a RESULT of a previous event

  • If exposure A occurs, disease B will result
  • If intervention X is provided outcome Y occurs
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13
Q

Association

A

A statistical RELATIONSHIP between two events that may or may not be causal

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14
Q

Measurement

A

Basic ability to:

  • Describe and classify pts
  • Demonstrate change
  • Communicate info to others
  • Means of evaluating pt/client condition and response to treatment
  • Compare and discriminate between individuals or groups
  • PRACTICALLY ALL CLINICAL DECISIONS BASED ON MEASUREMENT
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15
Q

Constructs

A
  • Behaviors or events that are not directly observable/measurable
  • Inferred by measuring associated behaviors or attributes
  • Multidimensional
  • Require development of an instrument to measure it
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16
Q

Examples of constructs

A

Disability, motivation, socioeconomic status, health related quality of life

17
Q

Scales of Measurement

A

Differentiation can be accomplished with: Names, Numerals, Numbers

18
Q

Categorical Variables

A 
Nominal variables
-2 levels vs multiple levels
-Quantify by counts/frequencies and percents
Ordinal Variables
-Categories rank ordered
-Quantitative analysis is ambiguous
19
Q

Numeric Variables

A

Interval and ratio variables

  • Zero value= True for ratio arbitrary for interval
  • Equal distance between units
  • May use mathematical operations for both
  • NOT ALL NUMBERS NUMERICALLY MEANINGFUL
20
Q

Types of Measurement error

A

Random= Chance variation in measurement
-Analytic (statistical) procedures are used to quantify uncertainty due to random error
Systematic= Results from identifiable source
-Bias dealt with in design of study and through good procedures

21
Q

Sources of error

A

Tester/rater inaccuracy, instrument imprecision, subject response biases

22
Q

Variance

A

A statistical measure of the variability or “spread” of observations in a sample

  • True variability of the measure within the population
  • Variability due to measurement error
  • Related to standard deviation
23
Q

Reliability

A

-Degree to which measurement procedure is repeatable

24
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which a measurement correctly estimates the TRUE value of the object being measured

25
Q

Types of reliability

A

Test-retest reliability, inter/intra-rater reliability, reliability coefficients

26
Q

Types of validity

A

Face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity

27
Q

Measuring change

A

Numeric: Value of X at time 1 compared to value of X at time 2 (X2-X1)
Categorical: Change in an individual from time 1 vs time 2 (T2-T1)

28
Q

Standardized Response Mean (SRM)

A

Expresses change in standard deviation units

SRM= mean of pre to post treatment change/standard deviation of change score

EBP (3 decks)

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