Lecture 3

Question 1

In what quantities are macronutrients required in the diet?

Answer 1

Large quantities i.e grams

Question 2

What macronutrient doesn’t provide energy?

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

What macronutrients provide energy?

Answer 3

• Carbohydrate
• Protein
• Fat
• Alcohol (not nutrients but provides energy)

Question 4

In what quantities are micronutrients required in the diet?

Answer 4

Small quantities i.e milligrams

Question 5

Do micronutrients provide energy?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

True or False

Vitamins are inorganic molecules

Answer 6

FALSE

Vitamins are organic molecules as they contain carbon
A,B’s, C, D, E, K

Question 7

What are minerals?

Answer 7

• Inorganic elements

- Na, K, Cl, S, Fe, Ca, Ph, Mg, Zn, Fl, I, Se

Question 8

Define gross energy

Answer 8

The total chemical energy of a food

• Not all available to the body
• Not everything is 100% absorbed

Question 9

How is gross energy determined?

Answer 9

By combustion of food sample in a ‘bomb’ calorimeter

Heat of combustion = gross energy of the food

Question 10

What are Atwater factors used to calculate?

Answer 10

Metabolisable energy when you know the amount of macronutrient eaten

Question 11

List the Atwater factors

Answer 11

• Carbohydrate = 17 kJ / gram
• Protein = 17 kJ / gram
• Fat = 37 kJ / gram
• Alcohol = 29 kJ / gram

Question 12

How do you calculate the proportion of energy from macronutrients?

Answer 12

% Energy = (( (g of nutrient x Atwater Factor kJ/gram) / total daily energy from all sources kJ )) x 100

Question 13

According to the Adult Nutrition Survey (08’-09’) what is the recommended kJ intake for a 19-30 year old Male?

Answer 13

11,900 kJ

11.9 MJ

Question 14

According to the Adult Nutrition Survey (08’-09’) what is the recommended kJ intake for a 19-30 year old female?

Answer 14

8,400 kJ

8.4 MJ

Question 15

What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Protein?

Answer 15

15-25%

Question 16

What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Carbohydrate?

Answer 16

45-65%

Question 17

What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for Fat?

Answer 17

20-35%

Question 18

From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Protein energy %

Answer 18

17%

Question 19

From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Carbohydrate energy %

Answer 19

49% - estimated to have decreased over time due to fad diets

Question 20

From The Adult Nutrition Survey what were the Fat energy %

Answer 20

34%

Question 21

What are the Nutrient Reference Values?

Answer 21

• Set of recommendations for nutritional intake that apply to most healthy people
• 6 values

Question 22

Describe Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Answer 22

-Daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of HALF THE HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS in a particular life stage/group

Question 23

Describe Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)

Answer 23

Average dietary intake level that’s SUFFICIENT to meet nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in particular life stage/group

RDI = EAR + 2Std Dev

Question 24

How is the Recommended Dietary Intake set?

Answer 24

Set higher than what most people need in the hopes that making people aim higher they will achieve the good amount

Question 25

Describe Adequate Intake (AI)

Answer 25

Average daily nutrient intake level based on OBSERVED or EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED APPROXIMATIONS/estimates of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate

Question 26

When is the Adequate Intake used?

Answer 26

When EAR and RDI can't be determined

Question 27

Describe Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

Answer 27

Defined as average dietary intake predicted to maintain energy balance consistent with good health EAR = EER

Question 28

Describe the Upper Limit of Intake (UL)

Answer 28

Highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to most

Question 29

What happens when intake is above the Upper Limit of Intake?

Answer 29

Potential risk of adverse effects increases

Question 30

Describe the Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)

Answer 30

The amount of nutrient that reduces risk of NCD

Question 31

True or False Not every nutrient is at the same level in the Suggested Dietary Target

Answer 31

TRUE For some nutrients, consumption target is LOWER than SDT e.g. sodium For some nutrients, consumption target is HIGER than SDT e.g. Vit C

Question 32

True or False There is an SDT set for all nutrients?

Answer 32

FALSE Only set for a few nutrients

Question 33

Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at individuals?

Answer 33

1. Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) 2. Average Daily Intake (AI) 3. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) 4. Upper level of Intake (UL) 5. Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)

Question 34

Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at groups?

Answer 34

1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) 2. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) 3. Upper Level of Intake (UL) 4. Suggested Dietary Target (SDT)

Question 35

Which of the Nutrient Reference Values look at populations?

Answer 35

1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Question 36

True or False Low dietary intake means deficiency

Answer 36

FALSE Low dietary intake does not mean deficiency. Clinical symptoms and blood tests are required to determine deficiency