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Cardiac Rehabilitation > Lecture 3 - Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pressure in the RA and RV (during end diastolic and peak systolic)?

A 
RA = 3-4mmHg
RV = 5-6/25mm Hg
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2
Q

What is the pressure in the LA and LV (during end diastolic and peak systolic)?

A 
LA = 8mmHg
LV = 9/120mmHg
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3
Q

What are the normal blood levels for men and women?

A 
Women = 4-4.5L
Men = 5-6L
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4
Q

Is the pulmonary circulation a high or low pressure system?

A

Low pressure, has less resistance and does not have to pump blood very far (just to the lungs)

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5
Q

What is the role of the artery?

A

transport blood to tissues and organs under high pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of the arteriole?

A

Act as control passages (resistance vessels) of blood through to the capillaries

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7
Q

What is the role of the capillaries?

A

Exchange fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances.

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8
Q

What is the role of the venules?

A

Collect blood from capillaries and merge into larger veins

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9
Q

What is the role of the vein?

A

Pump blood back to the heart under low pressure and act as a reservoir for blood

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10
Q

What happens to the pressure as you go through the circulatory system

A

Decreases

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11
Q

Why is the venous system able to store blood?

A

75-80% of our blood rests in the venous system because they are good for storage and compliant. Can have high volumes at low pressure therefore reduces the work of the heart.

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12
Q

Why do arteries and veins differ in their structure?

A

Veins have more blood that needs to be pumped back to the heart. The Valves stop back flow Their structure is suited for storage of blood

Arteries: Their structure facilitates the absorption of the hearts energy when it pumps blood to them.

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the artery?

A

Tunica Intima - Inner endothelium

Tunica Media - middle - Alters radius of artery therefore alters blood flow.

Tunica Externa - connective tissue with elastic fibre, gives vessels their tensile strength to resist pressures. Also there to reinforce and protect it.

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14
Q

List TWO structural differences between arteries and veins.

A

Arteries: Thick elastic walls and stores energy in systole and recoils in diastole

Veins: Thinner walls and has small changes in pressure in response to large changes in volume

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15
Q

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary Vein

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16
Q

Where is the base of the heart roughly located?

A

Where the AV valves are

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17
Q

What do the LV and RV look like?

A 
LV = Bean 
RV = Crescent shaped when viewed in cross section, triangular from the side
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18
Q

Why is the RV smaller than the LV

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A

because it has to do less work compared to the LV

19
Q

Are the SV in both ventricles the same?

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A

Yes - usually synchronised - if not then there is a problem

20
Q

What can cause the heart to atrophy?

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A

Bed rest, cancer

21
Q

Under what physiological circumstances does the heart enlarge?

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A

Exercise and Pregnancy

22
Q

Under what pathological circumstances does the heart enlarge? and what could it lead to?

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A

HTN and MI

Could lead to HF or Ventricular arrhythmia

23
Q

What type of hypertrophy occurs in people with HTN?

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A

Concentric hypertrophy

24
Q

What is the function of the Interventricular septum?

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A
  • Acts as a barrier between the LV and RV
  • Passage for AV conduction.
  • Changes motion pathway and shape
25
Describe the properties of the pericardium
- Made up mainly of collagen - Tensile strength More you stretch collagen the more it will fight back
26
What happens to the pericardium at higher levels of stretch?
Doesn't want to expand any more due to the tensile strength of the collagen fibres. It is more distensible at lower levels of stretch
27
The major role of the pericardium is?
- Prevents overstretching of the heart. - Maximises the frank starling mechanism - Restricts overstretching of the heart
28
List the THREE layers of the heart wall.
Epicardium - Outer layer Myocardium - Middle Endocardium - Inner layer
29
Describe how the muscle layers of the heart assists with contraction
- Muscle layers of the heart fold over each other and go in different directions. - This produces more tensile tension and maximise contraction force and ejection of blood
30
Compare and Contrast fibroblasts and Myocytes in the heart
Fibroblasts - secrete collagen and are 50% of cell number of the heart Myocytes - Are bigger in size compared to fibroblasts but there are less of them
31
What do Myofibrils contain?
Contain contractile proteins - which are made up of sarcromeres which are made up of actin and myosin.
32
Describe one difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle cells need neural input whereas cardiac muscles don't they have the capacity of carry on beating without any neural input.
33
What are Intercalated Discs composed of and what is its function?
Composed of gap junctions and desmosomes | Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions facilitate AP propagation they are both electrically coupled
34
Which component releases Calcium in the cell?
SR
35
How does the ECM affect the heart?
Gives structural integrity and support to the cells | (Like a scaffold)
36
What happens when the ECM becomes disrupted?
The heart and cells don't have the optimal support and structure from it to contract efficiently.
37
Describe how the TIMP's and MMP's could affect the heart?
MMP's: Degrading enzymes (Pacman) TIMP's: Degrade MMP's (Ghosts) When these are not in balance then damage occurs in the heart and cause remodelling
38
Give an example of a disease in the heart caused by the imbalance of the ECM
Chagas Disease
39
What else happens to the heart during concentric hypertrophy?
Stiffens - collagen fibres get thicker therefore the tensile properties cause it to stiffen.
40
What happens to the heart in HTN?
Bigger and less flexible
41
How can high blood pressure affect the chordinae tendinae?
Can actually tear it - therefore damaging the valves.
42
What is Valvular Stenosis?
Valves become stiff and don't open all the way.
43
What is Valvular Regurgitation and what does it cause?
Backflow of blood because the valves don't close properly. | Causes: SV to reduce and atrial distension due to the back up of blood. (atria hypertrophy)

Cardiac Rehabilitation (4 decks)

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