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BM1000: Introduction to Biochemistry and Microbiology > Lecture 3: Cellular Organelles > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Cellular Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To contain genetic information and is the site of replication.

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2
Q

What is the largest organelle in animal cells?

A

The nucleus.

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3
Q

What is the special region in the nucleus where ribosomes begin to assemble from RNA and proteins?

A

The nucleolus.

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4
Q

The content of the nucleus is known as what?

A

The nucleoplasm.

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5
Q

The nuclear ___ is surrounded by two membranes and is perforated by thousands of nuclear ___ connecting the nucleoplasm with the cytoplasm.

A

Envelope, pores.

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6
Q

Where does DNA replication and transcription into RNA occur?

A

In the nucleus.

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7
Q

Where is RNA translated into polypeptides (proteins)?

A

The cytoplasm.

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8
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Regulate traffic (i.e. only small molecules and ions can pass through).

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9
Q

In the nucleus, what does DNA and proteins form?

A

Chromatin.

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10
Q

What is one molecule of DNA called and when is it visible?

A

A chromosome is visible during cell division.

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11
Q

The nuclear envelope folds outward into the cytoplasm to form what?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum.

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12
Q

These six organelles are part of which system?

  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nuclear envelope
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Vesicles
A

The endomembrane system.

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13
Q

What organelle is associated with a network of interconnected membranes branching through the cytoplasm to form tubes and flattened sacs?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum.

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14
Q

What is the interior compartment of the ER called?

A

The lumen.

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15
Q

What increases the surface of the ER.

A

The folds.

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16
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Rough and Smooth.

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17
Q

What are the ‘little beads’ of the RER and what is there function?

A

Ribosomes are the location of protein synthesis.

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18
Q

Where can proteins be chemically modified?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum.

19
Q

Where are membrane bound proteins made?

A

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

20
Q

Which type of ER doesn’t contain ribosomes and are more tubular than flattened sacs?

A

Smooth.

21
Q

Are the SER and the RER connected?

A

Yes.

22
Q

These four functions are associated with which organelle?

  1. Chemical modification of toxic molecules
  2. Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells
  3. Site of lipid and steroid synthesis
  4. Stores calcium ions to trigger cell responses.
A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

23
Q

What organelle modifies, concentrates, packages and sorts proteins?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

24
Q

Which organelle adds carbohydrates to proteins?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

25
Q

What region of the GA is closest to the plasma membrane?

A

Trans region.

26
Q

What region of the GA is in between the cis and trans regions?

A

The medial region.

27
Q

What region of the GA is closest to the nucleus or an RER patch?

A

Cis region.

28
Q

What do the cis, medial and trans regions of the GA have that varies from each other?

A

Different enzymes and functions in different regions.

29
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

The breakdown of foods, other cells and foreign bodies.

30
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Conversion of energy from food into ATP using molecular oxygen (CELLULAR RESPIRATION).

31
Q

What are the names of the membranes of the mitochondria?

A

The outer and inner membranes.

32
Q

Can mitochondria divide autonomously?

A

Yes.

33
Q

Which organelle is associated with the four following functions?

  1. Storage of waste materials
  2. Structure supporting plant due to water pressure (turgor)
  3. Reproduction (i.e. pigments of plants to attract)
  4. Digestion
A

Vacuoles.

34
Q

What do chloroplasts belong to?

A

Plastids.

35
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Contain DNA and green pigment chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.

36
Q

Why is the cytoskeleton not an organelle?

A

It is not membrane enclosed.

37
Q

Which organelle is associated with the following functions?

  1. Support and maintain cell shape
  2. Holds organelles in position within the cell
  3. Moves organelles around the cell
  4. Movement of the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic streaming)
  5. Interaction with extracellular structures.
A

The cytoskeleton.

38
Q

What are the two functions of microfilaments and what are they composed of?

A
  1. Help the cell or cell parts to move
  2. Determine and stabilise cell shape
    - Composed of actin monomers (is a protein)
39
Q

What are the two structural functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. Anchor cell structure in place
  2. To resist tension
40
Q

What are the two functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Form a rigid internal skeleton in some cells
  2. Act as a framework along which motor proteins can move structures within the cell.
41
Q

Are microtubules and microfilaments quickly assembled and disassembled?

A

Yes.

42
Q

What role do microtubules have in cell division?

A

Distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.

43
Q

What are cilia and flagella composed of?

A

Microtubules.

44
Q
A

BM1000: Introduction to Biochemistry and Microbiology (3 decks)

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