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BIOSCI 107 module 1,2,3 > Lecture 3: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between epithelia and connective tissue

A

CT is not found on body surfaces, is vascular and has a large amount of extracellular material

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2
Q

3 purposes of connective tissues:

A
  • Binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues.
  • A major transport system of the body. (blood)
  • A major site of stored energy reserves (adipose tissue)
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3
Q

Avascular Ct is an exception and includes both

A

cartiliage, tendons (vlittle)

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4
Q

similarity between Epithelia & CT

A

both have nerves

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5
Q

Connective Tissue is composed of

A

extracellular matrix and cells

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6
Q

ECM is made of 2 things

A

ground substance (the material between fibres and cells) + protein fibres

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7
Q

Ground substance is a mixture of

A

water, proteins, polysaccharides (GAGS)

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8
Q

The sugars in GS are called

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs or mucopolysaccharides)

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9
Q

GAGS join with core proteins to form

A

proteoglycans

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10
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched, repeating

A

disaccharide unit-(uronic sugar, amino sugar)

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11
Q

What is the important property of GAGS

A

they are highly polar, therefore attract water, trapping it so that GS is more jellylike.

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12
Q

Sulphated GAGs bind to proteins and includes

A

keratan, dermatan, herparin, chondroitin –sulphate

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13
Q

Non- sulphated GAG example

A

Hyaluronic acid

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14
Q

Hyaluronic acid is unusual as it doesn’t

A

covalently bond to core protein, instead is joined to various Proteoglycans.

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15
Q

Enzyme that breaks down in order to help the cell move- (sperm, white blood cell, bacteria)

A

Hyaluronidase ; makes GS more liquid

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16
Q

Disease states associated with ECM

A

abnormal periorbital ECM and thyroid disease

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17
Q

Name the 3 fibres in CT extracellular matrix: Thick to thin

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic

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18
Q

What are elastic fibres made of

A

the protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin

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19
Q

Marfan Syndrome happens because

A

mutation in chromosomes causes fibrillin to be made that can’t inhibit Transforming Growth factor beta.

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20
Q

What are reticular fibres made of and what makes them

A

collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein. made by fibroblasts

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21
Q

What is the function and location of adipocytes

A

store fat (triglycerides) and are found under skin and around organs (heart, kidney)

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22
Q

What is the function and location of fibroblasts

A

secrete components of the matrix (fibres and ground substance). They are the most numerous, and are found widely distributed, migrating through CT

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23
Q

What is the suffix of the immature cell class that will mature to cells with a suffix cyte

A

blast

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24
Q

What is the function and location of macrophages

A

they engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis. Phagocytic cells can either be fixed or wandering-> ready to gather at the site of infection. Come from monocytes.

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25
What is the function and location of Plasma cells (from B lymphocytes)
they produce antibodies that attack foreign substances. Found in many CT sites (gut tract, resp. tract, salivary gland, red bone marrow)
26
What is the function and location of Mast cells
they produce histamine that dilate vessels as part of the inflammatory response. They are found alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue.
27
What is the function and location of Leukocytes
White blood cells (neutrophils, eosonphils) migrate out from blood to sites of infection to phagocytose microbes.
28
Embryonic connective tissues give rise to all other connective tissues. The two types are
Mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue
29
Mature connective tissues categories :
loose, dense, blood, lymph, cartilage, bone
30
Areolar CT is called the packing material of the body: what category is it, what is its structure, function and location
It is loose CT made from a random mix of the 3 fibres, cells in a semifluid GS. Its function is strength, elasticity and support. It is located around nearly every body structure-eg. subcutaneous layer of skin.
31
Adipose tissue: what category is it, what is its structure, function and location
It is loose CT made up of adipocytes. Its function is Insulation, Energy Source, Temperature control. Its found with areolar connective tissue.
32
Dense CT categories
regular, irregular, elastic
33
Dense Regular: what is its structure, function and location | (It looks like silk)
Structure is Regularly arranged collagen bundles with fibroblasts inbetween them. Provides strong attachment between various structures. Found in Tendons, Ligaments, aponeuroses (muscular system). Slow healing due to low blood supply.
34
What are the three types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
35
Hyaline cartilage: what is its structure, function and location (bubbles)
Structure: prominent chondrocytes found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium. provides smooth surfaces for movement . Found in the respiratory bones. ends of long bones.
36
What are the two types of bone tissue, their alias and position in bone
compact, aka cortical bone is the outer layer of bone and spongey aka cancellous bone is porous and lies underneath compact bone.
37
What are Oestoblasts; identity and function
Bone forming cells. Lay down more collagen, starting the mineralisation process
38
What are Oestocytes; identity and function
Mature bone cells derived from oestoblasts trapped in the ECM. Maintain bone tissue, have gap junctions.
39
Name the 4 cell types in bones
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, oestocytes, oestoclasts
40
What are Oesteogenic cells; identity and function
Mesenchymal stem cells that develop, start to lay down collagen, become trapped and become oestoblasts
41
What are Osteoclasts; identity and function
Large multinucleated monocytes that break bones to access stored minerals.
42
Fluid connective tissue (liquid)
Blood
43
Blood consists of
blood plasma (a liquid ECM) and formed elements= cells (red cells, white cells and platelets)
44
The protein fibres of ECM are secreted by
CT cells in the ECM
45
What dictates the qualities of the connective tissue
The structure of the ECM
46
Proteoglycans look like a
brush (core protein = handle, GAGS = bristles)
47
Hyaluronic Acid is a viscous slippery substance that
- binds cells together, - lubricates joints and - maintains the shape of the eyeball
48
Chondroitin Sulphate:
support and provide the adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels.
49
Keratan Sulphate found in
bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye
50
Dermatan Sulphate found in
tendons, blood vessels, | heart valves
51
Abnormal Periorbital ECM and thyroid disease caused by
the deposition of GAGs and the influx of water increasing orbital contents
52
3 different types of tissue fibres in the ECM
Collagen, reticular and elastic
53
Collagen fibres are common in bones, cartilage, tendon and ligaments. Feature:
very strong but flexible to resist pulling forces
54
Reticular fibres form networks in vessels and through adipose, smooth muscle and nerve fibres
Thinner and branching, they form part of the basement membrane providing strength and support
55
Elastic fibres are a thin fibrous network found in the skin, blood vessels and lung and consist of
protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin to give strength and stability; can stretch 150%
56
Fixed phagocytes include
dust cells (lungs), Kupffer cells (liver) langerhans cells (skin)
57
Connective tissue can either be
Embryonic or Mature
58
Mesenchyme CT: what category is it, what is its structure, function and location
Embryonic CT: structure is mesenchymal cells in a semi-fluid GS containing reticular fibres. Function is form all other connective tissues. Found under skin and along developing bones of embryo
59
Mucous CT :what category is it, what is its structure, function and location
Embryonic CT: structure is widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly like GS containg collagen fibres. Function is to support, it is found in the umbilical cord of the foetus.
60
Reticular CT;what category is it, what is its structure, function and location
It is loose CT. Structure is fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and reticular cells. Function/location is to form the stroma (supporting network) of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes. Also in reticular lamina of BM.
61
Dense irregular CT: what is its structure, function and location (looks like fatty meat).
Structure: irregularly arranged collagen fibres with a few fibroblasts. Func; provides tensile (pulling strength) in different directions. Occurs in sheets encapsulating organs, and it is the tissue beneath skin around muscles.
62
Elastic CT: what category is it, what is its structure, function and location (unstained tissue is yellow)
structure is elastic fibres with fibroblasts. Allows stretching of the organs but strong enough to recoil back to shape. Found in many respiratory tissues and arteries.
63
Fibrocartilage: what is its structure, function and location
chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within the ECM. No perichondrium. Supports and joins structures together. Found at the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
64
What are the structural features consistent with all cartilage : supply, fibres and GS, cells,
It doesn't have a nerve or blood supply. It has a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres firmly embedded in chondroitin sulphate component of GS. Mature cartilage cells called chondrocytes occur in spaces in the ECM called lacunae.
65
What is the perichondrium
Thin layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds the surface of cartilage and supplies new cartilage cells
66
Elastic cartilage: what is its structure, function and location ( indigo eyes on stalks)
chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres. perichondrium present. Provides strength and elasticity. Found in epiglottis, ear and auditory tubes.
67
Spongey bone : structure function
Structure: Lacks osteons has columns of bone called trabeculae. Func: stores triglycerides (YM) and produces blood cells. (RM)
68
What is the basic unit of Compact bone and what are the four parts of this basic unit
Basic unit= osteon | Osteons are made of Lamellae, Lacunae, Canaliculi and Central Haversian canal.
69
What are Lamellae
concentric rings of ECM storing mineral salts (CaP + CaOH= hydroxyapatite and collagen) that give hardness
70
What are Lacunae
small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (psteocytes)
71
What are Canaliculi
minute canals (containing ECM and osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide route for O2, nutrients and waste
72
What is the Central Haversian canal
Centre bit that contains blood vessels and nerves.
73
What do Basophils do
release substances like histamine that intensify the inflammatory reaction
74
What do Eosinophils do
fight parasitic worms

BIOSCI 107 module 1,2,3 (12 decks)

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