Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(OMS1) MOD Exam 1 > Lecture 3: Hematopoiesis and Intro to Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Hematopoiesis and Intro to Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Be able to draw the major hematopoietic lineages

A

Ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A 
early fetus - yolk sac
middle fetus - liver
birth - bone marrow
before puberty - all skeleton
after puberty - mostly axillary bone (torso and face)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What characterizes normal bone marrow histology ?

What happens to bone marrow cells as we age?

A
  • “field of flowers”, no one cell type predominates

- becomes hypocellular and has more adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major Hematopoietic growth factors

A

CSF (myeloids)
Cytokines
EPO (RBCs)
TPO (platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
What do these do? 
Stem cell factor (SCF)
IL3
IL6
IL2
IL2/6 together
A
  • general stimulating factor
  • general stimulating factor
  • megakaryocyte and neutrophil production
  • T cell growth factor
  • B cell growth factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do these do?
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

A
  • formation of all leuks and reticulocytes
  • stimulates neutrophil increase, used to treat neutropenia
  • stimulates monocyte and macrophage increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does kidney disease cause anemia?

A

Kidney makes the EPO. If dysfunctional, can’t stimulate RBCs to mature = anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Progression stages of erythrocyte maturation

Be able to identify images of each stage

A

Proerythroblast - large and round, basophilic
Basophilic erythroblast - smaller, basophilic
Polychromatophilic erythroblast - basophilic ribosomes with eosinophilic cytoplasm
Normoblast - eosinophilic
Nucleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to reticulocyte count in hemolytic anemias?

Be able to identify reticulocyte image

A

Increased, with increased RDWs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Progressions stages of granulocyte maturation

Be able to identify images of each stage

A

Myeloblast - basophilic
Promyelocyte - more large granules
Myelocyte - lots of fine granules
Metamyelocyte - bean shaped eosinophilic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Be able to identify images of mature T cell and Plasma cell

A

Ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Progression stages of platelet maturation

Be able to identify images of each stage

A

Megakaryoblast: large with kidney shaped basophilic nucleus

Megakaryocyte: large multilobal nucleus, endomitosis

Platelet: small platelets break off larger cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Difference between monocyte, macrophage and activated macrophage

A

Monocyte: intravascular

Macrophage: enteres the intravascular space

Activated: specific cell macrophage (microglia, Kupffer, alveolar Ms, osteoclasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
What do these measure? 
Hgb
Hct
RBC
Reticulocyte percentage
RDW
A
  • conc of Hgb
  • volume & % of RBCs
  • number of RBCs
  • % of RBCs that are reticulocytes
  • width distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
What do these mean? 
MCV (Mean corpuscular volume)
MCH (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
RPI (Reticulocyte production index)
A
  • average volume of RBC
  • average mass of hgb
  • conc of Hgb in given volume
  • corrected reticulocyte %
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
Terminology: 
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis
Emia/Enia means?
Cythemia/philia/cytosis means?
A
  • increased RDW (size variation)
  • more shape variation
  • low
  • high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sx of Iron deficiency anemia

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

A
  • fatigue/dizzy or weak, HA, pale/yellowness, arrythmia, SOB, CP, cold hands and feet
  • diet (cow’s milk) or decreased absorption (sprue, gastrectomy), chronic iron or blood loss
18
Q

Describe the blood smear of iron deficiency anemia

A
  • microcytotic & hypochromic, increased RDW
  • decreased MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC, HCT and reticulocytes
  • Poikilocytosis with eliptocytes and target cells (bulls-eye looking cells)
19
Q

What types of anemia are caused by lack of iron?

A

Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Sideroblastic anemia

20
Q

What type of anemia is caused by folate or B12 deficiency?

What type of anemia is caused by drugs?

A
  • Macrocytic anemia&raquo_space;> deficient DNA synthesis

- Aplastic anemia (via pancytopenia)

21
Q

Hemoglobinopathies
G6PD deficiency
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A
  • Hgb synthesis problems&raquo_space;> RBC destruction
  • inability to deal with oxidant stress > hemolysis
  • autoantibodies destroying RBCs
22
Q

What are the types of microcytic anemia?

A

ITAS

IDA
Thalassemia
Anemia of Chronic Dz
Sideroblastic anemia

23
Q

What are the types of macrocytic anemia?

A 
Megaloblastic anemia (low B9 or B12)
Alcoholic liver dz
24
Q

What are the types of normocytic anemia (with high reticulocyte count)?

A

GHAPS

G6PD deficiency
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Sickle-Cell anemia

*the rest is normo with low reticulocyte count

25
Q

What is marked erythroid hyperplasia and which types of dz does it appear in?

Be able to identify image

A
  • more erythroids than myeloids in bone marrow > high reticulocyte count
  • seen in RBC loss, GHAPS and thalassemia
26
Q

What are nucleated RBCs and when are they seen?

Be able to identify image

A
  • RBCs with nucleus not removed (immature) released into circulation
  • compensatory erythropoiesis (anemia, hypoxemia) or hypo/asplenia (sickle cell, splenectomy)
27
Q

What is megaloblastic hyperplasia and when are they seen?

Be able to identify image

A
  • bone marrow is macrocytic, hypercellular, neutrophils are very hypersegmented
  • seen in macrocytic anemia
28
Q

How does aplastic anemia affect the bone marrow?

How does carcinoma/leukemia affect the bone marrow?

Be able to identify in image

A
  • bone marrow becomes hypocellular = reduced hematopoiesis

- fibrotic buildup in bone marrow&raquo_space;> destroys hematopoietic activity

29
Q

What characterizes bone marrow replacement/invasion?

What are the causes?

Be able to identify image

A
  • teardrop RBCs and immature WBCs (some process is disrupting cell maturation in marrow)
  • tumor, infection, myelofibrosis or myeloproliferative disorder
30
Q

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis and when does it occur?

A
  • maturation outside the bone marrow

- compensation for abnormal hematopoiesis

31
Q

What condition is schistocytes associated with?

What condition is “bite” cells and Heinz bodies associated with?

Be able to identify in image

A

MHA (thrombocytopenia with anemia)

G6PD deficiency (oxidative stress, breaking off of Hgb)

32
Q

What condition is polymerized Hgb associated with?

What condition are spherocytes associated with?

Be able to identify in image

A

Sickle cell anemia

-hereditary spherocytosis

33
Q

What is a left shift?

What is toxic granulation?

A
  • increased immature leukocytes (horseshoe nucleus)

- dark coarse granules form within the neutrophils (associated with left shift)

34
Q

What is a leukemoid reaction?

A

WBC >50k w/o evidence of leukemia (image characterized by lots of neutrophils)
-elevated alkaline phosphatase

35
Q

What is the difference between CML and AML?

A

CML: WBC count ~100k (blasts in marrow increases as dz progresses&raquo_space;> messes with normal hematopoiesis and results in pancytopenia)

AML: myeloid blast accumulation (with Auer rods)

36
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia?

A

Inadequate granulopoiesis (suppression of precursors, stem cells)

Increased destruction of neutrophils (autoimmune, splenomegaly, more peripheral usage)

37
Q

What is lymphocytosis associated with?

A

Leukemia (CLL in adults, ALL in kids)

Be able to differentiate on image

38
Q

How does a Mono stain present?

What are the triad sx for Mono?

A

weird shaped/lumpy T lymphocytes

triad: fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy

39
Q

What conditions are these associated with?
Eosinophilic leukocytosis
Basophilic leukocytosis
Monocytosis

A
  • allergy, parasites
  • rare, leukemia
  • atypical bacterial infections, autoimmune
40
Q

What is the pathway of primary hemostasis?

A

Gp1b on platelet binds to von Willebrand factor on endothelium > releases ADP and thromboxane A2 > aggregation of platelets by binding fibrinogen

41
Q

What characterizes thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelets

-presents with petichiae/ecchymosis

42
Q

What are the major causes of thrombocytopenia?

A

increased platelet destruction (purpura, autoimmune, drug, DIC, HIV)

decreased production (bone marrow or liver problem)

Enlarged spleen

(OMS1) MOD Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions