Lecture 3- Inflammation 8/29

Question 1

4 common symptoms of inflammation

Answer 1

redness
swelling
heat
pain

Question 2

acute inflammation results in …. changes and mediators and … events and mediators

Answer 2

vascular

cellular

Question 3

vascular changes in acute inflammation involve… and … which promote fluid and inflammatory cell accumulation in the tissue at site of injury

Answer 3

vasodilation

increased vasc. permeability

Question 4

vasodilation involves the relaxation of … and the engorgement of … with redness and warmth. this is mediated by …, … and …

Answer 4

pre-capillary arterioles
capillary beds
NO, histamine and PGs

Question 5

2 types of fluids associated with fluid accumulation in inflammation

Answer 5

transudate

exudate

Question 6

… is a type of fluid in inflammation that is low protein content, low specific gravity and can occur in non-inflam or inflamm situations

Answer 6

transudate

Question 7

… is a type of fluid in inflammation that is high protein content, high specific gravity and can be fibrinous(few cells), purulent (many cells) or sanguineous (blood)

Answer 7

exudate

Question 8

endothelial cell contraction is mediated by … (4)

Answer 8

histamine
bradykinin
leukotrienes
PAF

Question 9

3 mechanisms of increased vascular permeability

Answer 9

endothelial contraction
endothelial retraction
direct injury

Question 10

Endothelial contraction is … and ….

Answer 10

reversible

immediate (transient)

Question 11

Endothelial retraction is …. and is sustained for…

Answer 11

delayed, develops in 4-6 hours

24 (+) hours

Question 12

Endothelial retraction is mediated by…. (3)

Answer 12

IL-1
TNF
IFN-y

Question 13

Pain is mediated by … and …

Answer 13

PGE2

Bradykinin

Question 14

Fever is mediated by …, …, and …

Answer 14

PGE2
IL-1
TNF

Question 15

direct endothelial injury is mediated by… or by….

Answer 15

injurious agents

ROS/enzymes from PMNs

Question 16

endothelial cells can be activated by… (3)

Answer 16

hypoxia
infectious agents
inflammatory mediators

Question 17

4 actions of activated endothelial cells

Answer 17

1. contraction/retraction
2. increase expression of adhesion molecules
3. produce PGI2 and NO (vasodilation)
4. increase syn. of inflammatory mediators

Question 18

Leukocyte order of events

Answer 18

1. margination- stasis
2. rolling- selectins (weak)
3. adhesion- integrins ICAM and VCAM
4. emigration- PECAM
5. chemotaxis

Question 19

6 chemotactic factors

Answer 19

PAF
LTB4
C5a
Chemokines
Bacterial lipids and peptides
Fibrin degradation products

Question 20

4 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 20

1. attachment
2. engulfment
3. degranulation
4. oxidative burst

Question 21

…. is active in HOCl production

Answer 21

myeloperoxidase

Question 22

In phagocytosis, attachment is mediated by…

Answer 22

opsonins IgG, C3b and collectins

Question 23

4 additional mechanisms of intracellular killing by leukocytes

Answer 23

1. defensins
2. lysozyme
3. major basic protein
4. bactericidal permeability- increasing protein

Question 24

the presence of …. defines acute inflammation and are the first cell to emigrate

Answer 24

neutrophils (PMNs)

Question 25

Neutrophils respond to ... and ..., they release ... and then they undergo...

Answer 25

necrosis infections ROS apoptosis

Question 26

... emigrate within 48 hours and live for months in tissue as...

Answer 26

monocytes | macrophages

Question 27

Activated macrophages are important in ... and ... and can elaborate various factors including (6)

Answer 27

phagocytosis Ag presentation ``` cytokines enzymes ROS and NO Prostaglandins plasma proteins growth factors ```

Question 28

3 other inflammatory cells aside from PMNs and macrophages

Answer 28

lymphocytes eosinophils mast cells

Question 29

... is diffuse tissue infiltration by PMNs with edema

Answer 29

Cellulitis

Question 30

... is a localized collection of PMNs or liquefactive necrosis (pus)

Answer 30

Abscess

Question 31

An ... is an erosion of epithelial surface exposing underlying connective tissue

Answer 31

Ulcer

Question 32

2 types of chronic inflammation

Answer 32

nonspecific | granulomatous

Question 33

in chronic inflammation, tissue destruction leading to ... is common

Answer 33

fibrosis (scarring)

Question 34

4 cells of chronic inflammation

Answer 34

macrophages lymphocytes plasma cells eosinophils

Question 35

granulomatous inflammation is linked to the .... hypersensitivity immune rxn

Answer 35

delayed type IV

Question 36

5 diseases characterized by granulomatous inflammation

Answer 36

``` bacterial (TB) parasitic fungal inorganic material unknown (crohns) ```

Question 37

prostaglandins produce ... while thromboxane A2 produces

Answer 37

vasodilation | vasoconstriction

Question 38

prostaglandins and leukotrienes are derived from ... through the action of ... or...

Answer 38

arachidonic acid cyclo-oxygenase (Pgs) lipo-oxygenase (leukotrienes)

Question 39

Aspirin and NSAIDs reduce inflammation by blocking...

Answer 39

cyclo-oxygenase activity

Question 40

Histamine released by.... (4)

Answer 40

1. physical injury 2. ag binding to IgE 3. C3a and C5a 4. cytokines

Question 41

3 types of intrinsic capacities for proliferation in wound healing

Answer 41

1. labile (continuously dividing) 2. stable (some repli.activ) 3. permanent (nonprolif)