Lecture 3 - Psychodynamic and Person-centered approaches Flashcards

Question

Subjectivity of psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Analyst interprets info from all above sources - helps client to identify underlying conflicts and develop ways of dealing with them

Answer 2

People have the ability to – Acquire self-awareness – Develop values and a sense of meaning in life – Pursue freedom of choice If these abilities are encouraged/developed – Conflict, emotional distress and psychopathology can often be resolved – Gaining insight, personal development and self-actualisation Focus on ameliorating psychopathological symptoms

Answer 3

Developed by Carl Rogers (1902-1987) - American psychologist and counsellor - One of the founders of humanistic psychology - Influence around the world

Answer 4

– Humanism * Dignity and worth of human beings– Existentialism * Individuals play an active role in shaping own lives– Phenomenology regarding nature of reality * We all function within a perceptual or subjective frame of reference (Rogers, 1956)

Answer 5

Belief in dignity and worth of an individual People are rational and have capacity for truth and goodness Humanistic approach to personality – Based on a model of growth – Strive to achieve/become because of a fundamental human need for fulfilment/self actualisation Achieved through actively searching for meaning in life – Continual challenge or journey which is to be experienced

Answer 6

A philosophical movement Emphasises choice, freedom and individual existence Major themes: – Concrete individual existence – Individual vocation * Finding a unique meaning for your own life – Choice and commitment * Freedom to choose entails commitment and responsibility to choose their own path * Refusing to choose/not choosing is making a choice

Answer 7

Noticing events, feelings, experiences, NOT interpreting them To put aside assumptions – Start with a clean slate To contemplate, notice and observe, treating the experience as unique To achieve an accurate description of what is being experienced and the way in which it is being experienced

Answer 8

Organisms, including human beings, have a natural, internal, positive developmental drive towards growth and fulfilment – Even in the worst conditions Human beings, although they possessed a universal actualising tendency, were unique– So the process of self-actualisation will be distinct and specific to each individual

Answer 9

‘…there is one central source of energy in the human organism…it is a function of the whole organism rather than some portion of it; and…is perhaps best conceptualised as a tendency towards fulfilment, toward actualisation, toward the enhancement and maintenance of the organism (Rogers, 1963)’.

Answer 10

Set out in 19 propositions (Rogers, 1951) Describe – How people change – Under what circumstances people change – Why particular relationship qualities promote change

Answer 11

Organismic valuing Positive regard/Positive self-regard Conditional positive regard – Conditions of worth Conditional positive self-regard Real self/Ideal self (self-concept) Incongruity Defenses

Answer 12

- Difficult to evaluate - some concepts not easy to define (e.g. UPR) + Lead to development of widely used therapeutic approach - Overly optimistic view + Mechanisms re: how we evaluate our own behaviour well described (i.e., conditions of worth)

Answer 13

A reaction to previous thinking about human experience Psychoanalysis - Pessimistic view of human nature, People selfish and driven by sexual and aggressive impulses Behaviourism - Objectifying and dehumanising the person, emphasising the environment in determining behaviour

Answer 14

– Human nature as essentially positive – Choices, values and purpose in life – Client’s inner resources for change – Problems a result of not accepting responsibility for one’s actions

Answer 15

– Enable acceptance of responsibility for actions – Foster awareness of subjective experiences – Fulfil potential for personal growth

Answer 16

-A way of being -Rests on a deep respect for, and trust in, the individual’s capacity for growth and development -Not provide a set of rules, techniques to control the process -Non-directive - Requires a commitment to encounter clients in a direct person-to-person manner

Answer 17

The counsellor activates the self-healing process (self-actualising tendency) by providing ‘core’ helping conditions Rogers (1957) put forward six core conditions: 1.Two persons are in psychological contact 2.The client is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious 3.The therapist is congruent or genuine

Answer 18

4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client (non-judgemental warmth or acceptance towards the client) 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client 6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved Necessary AND Sufficient

Answer 19

Rogers believed – Ideal for human beings to be in a state of becoming (striving to become fully functioning) Based on research into his own practice re: change process in counselling – Rogers developed: Theory of the seven stages of process (Rogers, 1961) * Stages a flowing continuum rather than fixed and discrete

Answer 20

Stage One: The client is very defensive, and extremely resistant to change. Stage Two: The client becomes slightly less rigid, and will talk about external events or other people. Stage Three: The client talks about him/herself, but as an object and avoids discussion of present events. Stage Four: The client begins to talk about deep feelings and develops a relationship with the counsellor. Stage Five: The client can express present emotions, and is beginning to rely more on his/her own decision making abilities and increasingly accepts more responsibility for his/her actions. Stage Six: The client shows rapid growth towards congruence, and begins to develop unconditional positive regard for others. This stage signals the end of the need for formal therapy. Stage Seven: The client is a fully functioning, self-actualising individual who is empathic and shows unconditional positive regard for others. This individual can relate their previous therapy to present day real-life situation.

Lecture 3 - Psychodynamic and Person-centered approaches Flashcards

(44 cards)