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INTRO TO RAD > LECTURE 3 RADIATION SAFETY AND MEASURES > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 RADIATION SAFETY AND MEASURES Flashcards

1
Q

Is the radiation with sufficient energy to produce ion, causes damage to living cells. Damage that may be repaired, that may be permanent, or that can cause death to the cells

A

Ionizing Radiation

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2
Q

Two sources of radiation?

A

Natural Environmental or background radiation and human-made radiation

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3
Q

3 Natural Environmental or Background Radiation

A

Cosmic Radiation
Radioactive elements in the earth
radioactive substances

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4
Q

3 Human-made radiation

A

fallout from nuclear weapons
radioactive materials used in industry
medical and dental x-ray exposure

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5
Q

Medical and dental radiographs and radioactive materials to diagnose and treat disease accounts for __ of the general public’s exposure to human-made radiation

A

90%

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6
Q

when did roentgen discover xrays

A

november 8, 1895

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7
Q

In 1964, the congress of the united states chartered the __ as a non-profit corporation

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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8
Q

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) is composed of?

A

scientific committees

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9
Q

was an attempt to protect consumers from the hazards of radiation-producing electronic products

A

The Radiation Council for Health and Safety Act of 1968

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10
Q

The bureau also has a limited control program for radioactive materials that are not covered under the jurisdiction of the __

A

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

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11
Q

amount of radiation required to turn skin red

A

Erythema Dose

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12
Q

Amount of ionizing radiation that produces 1 cubic cm of air, ions that carry electrostatic unit of quality of electricity of either positive or negative charge

A

Roentgen

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13
Q

In __, roentgen was adopted as the international standard measure of ionization in air

A

1938

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14
Q

in 1956, __ was established to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a medium

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)

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15
Q

Unit for measuring the amount of exposure for x-rays and gamma ray

A

roentgen

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16
Q

unit for measuring absorbed energy from radiation

A

rad (Gy)

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17
Q

unit for measuring the biological effect from radiation

A

rem (Sv)

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18
Q

unit of activity in SI system; this measure is used in nuclear medicine studies with the radionuclides, which are sometimes called radioactive isotopes

A

Becquerel (Bq)

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19
Q

measures the amount of activity known as the radioactive disintegration

A

Ci

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20
Q

Is in adherence to the radiation protection guides

A

Effective Dose Equivalent Limit (EDE)

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21
Q

the philosophy underlying the establishment of dose limits is twofold:

A
  1. non-threshold concept
  2. risks-versus-benefits relationship
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22
Q

the basis for NCRP establishment of policies and procedures for radiation exposure

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

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23
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

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24
Q

Two groups of dose limit

A
  1. radiation workers
  2. general public
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25
Q

Double helix structure

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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26
Q

best pictured as a flexible rope ladder that is twisted in a spiral staircase shape

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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27
Q

less than 1% of the cell

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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28
Q

when ionizing radiation interacts directly with the DNA molecule, certain breaks can occur in the “rung” of the DNA “ladder”

A

Direct Hit Theory

29
Q

they said that stem cells are radiosensitive, mature cells are radioresistant

A

Bergonie and Tribondeau

30
Q

they said younger tissues are radiosensitive

A

Bergonie and Tribondeau

31
Q

white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes

32
Q

most radiosensitive cells

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

is the time between the initial irradiation and the occurrence of any biologic change

A

Lantent Period

34
Q

It is the total body response to large dose received over a short time period and that is characterized by short term biologic effects

A

Acute Radiation Syndrome

35
Q

2 categories of long term effects

A
  1. somatic effects
  2. genetic effects
36
Q

occur in general body cells that involve all the body functions except sexual reproduction

A

somatic effects

37
Q

these effects include cancer, cataracts, and the life-span shortnening

A

somatic effects

38
Q

occur in germ cells, which are responsible for sexual reproduction

A

genetic effects

39
Q

the effect the occur within the germ cell are transmitted to future generations and are therefore not evident to the individual in which they initially take place

A

genetic effects

40
Q

Are produced whenever a stream of high speed electrons hits the atoms of a metal target in an x-ray tube

A

X-ray

41
Q

any alteration in the structure or amount of DNA

A

mutation

42
Q

2 sources of exposure

A
  1. X-ray
  2. Radionuclides
43
Q

secondary radiation emitted from the interaction of x-rays with matter; generally lower in energy, with a directional distribution that depends on the energy of the incident radiation

A

Secondary Radiation/ Scattered Radiation

44
Q

an incident x-ray beam

A

Primary Radiation

45
Q

controls the quality of xray beam

A

Kilovoltage (Kv)

46
Q

controls the quantity of radiation produced and functions inside the tube

A

Milliamperage (mA)

47
Q

is used for the treatment of patients with cancer in radiation therapy or oncology; it is also used in the field of nuclear medicine

A

radionuclides

48
Q

naturally existing radionuclide found in uranium ore

A

radium

49
Q

is a human-made radionuclide

A

cobalt 60

50
Q

3 methods of protection from external radiation

A

time
distance
shielding

51
Q

the exposure factor of kilovoltage, time, and distance are directly related to the amount of radiation exposure a patient receives

A

exposure factors

52
Q

states that the intensity of the beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

A

Inverse Square Law

53
Q

another factor that affects patient exposure

A

filtration

54
Q

are used to absorb the scattered radiation that is created by the interaction of the primary radiation with matter before this scatter reaches the image receptor

A

Grid

55
Q

restriction of the primary beam to a limited area

A

Collimation

56
Q

are also beam restricting devices that can be attached to the tube housing

A

Cones and Diaphragms

57
Q

include restraining devices, technique charts, and a quality control program

A

Repeat Exposures

58
Q

general term that describes both the female and male reproductive organs

A

Gonad

59
Q

suspended over the patient’s gonad area to absorb radiation from the primary beam

A

shadow shield

60
Q

most useful in AP and PA projections but is not suited for protection during fluoroscopy

A

shadow shield

61
Q

made for tabletop use

A

stand-type shadow shield

62
Q

strips of lead-impregnated material; most suitable for AP and PA projections

A

Flat contact shield

63
Q

used by men

A

Shaped contact shield

64
Q

cuplike shield to cover the scrotum and penis

A

Shaped contact shield

65
Q

gloves and aprons

A

Personnel Protection

66
Q

lead goggles

A

Personnel Protection

67
Q

lead apron

A

Personnel Protection

68
Q

most often used during personnel monitoring

A

optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSL)

69
Q

highly accurate and more appropriate than the film badge for some radiation monitoring tasks

A

Thermoluminescnet Dosimetry (TLD)

INTRO TO RAD (1 decks)

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