Lecture 3: Theories of Aging & Child Development Flashcards
1
Q
Biophysical domain of development
A
physical growth and development; aquisition of motor skills
2
Q
Psychological domain of development
A
intellectual development, memory, etc
3
Q
Sociocultural domain of development
A
socioemotional development
4
Q
Prenatal
A
Conception to birth; typically 38-40 weeks
5
Q
child born LESS than ___ weeks is considered premature
A
37
6
Q
When calculating prematurity always use __ weeks as upper limit
A
40 weeks
7
Q
Infancy
A
Birth-2 years
-important concept because when considering development of a premature infant, we only “correct” for prematurity for the first 2 years
8
Q
childhood
A
female (2-10)
male: (2-12)
9
Q
Adolesence
A
female: 10-18
male: 12-20
10
Q
young adult
A
18-40
*18-25 is considered developmental stage of life
11
Q
Middle adulthood
A
40-65
12
Q
Older adulthood
A
65+
13
Q
Process of development (3)
A
- Physical Growth
- Maturation
- Learning
14
Q
Physical growth
A
- changes in the physical dimensions of the body
- variable growth rates for specific body tissues and body systems
- child growth curve expectations
15
Q
Maturation
A
changes that result in organs and body systems reaching their adult form and function
16
Q
Learning
A
permanent change in behavior from practice-adaptation
17
Q
Factors affecting development
A
- genetics
- maturation
- environment
- culture
18
Q
Theory
A
principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been sustained by data
because of the rigors of experimentation and control, it is understood to be more likely to be true than a hypothesis
19
Q
Assumptions about development: development is ___, ____, and _____
A
- orderly
- sequential
- simple to complex
20
Q
continuity of development
A
implies that later development is dependent on what came before
21
Q
stage theory
A
a quantitative approach or step approach. each step specifies different motor skills: month by month development is one example (skills expected at 1 month, 6months, 12months) includes a qualitative component
22
Q
Assumption that a child is a minnature adult is _____
A
NOT ACCEPTED
23
Q
Dynamic systems theory main tenets
A
- interaction between internal and external environment
- organization develops from chaos
24
Q
Dynamic systems theory (shroots and yates)
A
development results from the interaction of:
- the person
- the task
- the environment
25
____ impact development - not just nervous system
several systems: muscular, sensory, motivation, arousal
26
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Comprehensive psycoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass from infancy to late adult hood
27
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial development
```
Infant-18mons: trust vs. mistrust
18mons-3 years: autonomy vs shame & doubt
3-5: initiative vs guilt
5-13: industry vs inferiority
13-21: indentity vs role confusion
21-39: intimacy vs isolation
40-65: generativity vs. stagnation
65+ ego integrity vs. despair
```
28
Abraham Maslow theory
Hierarchy of needs; a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization
29
Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation
1. to meet basic needs
| 2. to attain self-actualization
30
Maslow's hierarchy of needs from top to bottom
Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others
Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Safety: security of body, employment, resouruces, morality, family, health, property
Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
31
Enivronmental-Brofenbrenner
interaction of marosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem, individual
32
Aspects of child development
- physical growth
- motor
- cognitive intellectual
- social/emotional
- gender
- language and communcation
- individual differences
33
child development
entails biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence
- progression from dependency to autonomy
- continuous process with predictable sequences - unique for every child
- variable rate and stage of progress
- may be influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life
34
Maturationist Theory
- depends on assumption of hierarchich maturation of CNS
- development of complex motor behaviors is based on maturation of progressively higher CNS levels
- infant initially exhibits spinal level reflexes in response to touch pain s/a flexor withdrawl
- As NS matures, reflexes and reactions mediated by brainstem and midbrain emerge
- finally, voluntary control from the cortex is seen with purposeful movement s/a walking or reaching
35
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
infant cognitive development is the study of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. Information is acquired in a number of ways including through sight, sound, touch, taste, smell and language, all which require processing by our cognitive system
36
Piaget's theory 0-2
Sensorimotor: coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiousity about the world. Language used for demands and catalouging. Object premanence developed
37
Piaget's theory 2-7
Preoperational: symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstact thought still difficult. conversation developed
38
Piaget's theory 7-11
concrete operational: concepts attached to concrete situations. time, space, and quantiity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts
39
Piaget's theory 11+
Formal operations: theoreticaal, hypothetical, and counterfactural thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible. concepts learned in one context can be applied to another
40
Sociocultural theories: B.F Skinner
1. role of learning, influence of environment
| 2. individual adjusts to/interacts with environment
41
Behavioral theory: operant conditioning
stimulus - response - reinforcement (repeat)
42
Social Learning - Robert Sears
learning through the observation of peoples behaviors
- merged psychoanalytic theory and stimulus response theory
- transitioned to implications on development to:
1. exposure to traditional gender roles
2. violence
43
Lev Vygotsky
- children construct their own knowledge
- development cannot be seperated from its social context
- prior conceptions and new concepts are interwoven
- language plays a central role in mental development
44
Vygotsky circle
Out of reach -- Zone of proximal development (learns through scaffolding) -- current understanding; can work unassisted
45
In aging we see a decline in:
homeostasis; the physiological processes that maintain a stable internal body environment
a decrease in more complex function than simple function
46
some consistent changes in body composition in aging adults
- decrease in lean body mass
| - increased fat mass
47
Fundamental considerations of aging
- aging is a component of development
- the effects of normal aging vs. pathological aging must be differentiated, if possible
- there is no universally accepted theory of aging; genetic vs. non-genetic
48
A genetic theory of aging - think genetic: cell nucleus, DNA
Hayflick limit theory:
- cell deteroriation is intrinsic to the cell, not dependent on environmental influence
- limited number of cell doubling through the lifespan
- alterations/degenerations within cells before they reach limit
49
Non-genetic theories of aging
- can be internal/external (environmental change)
- non-genetic: takes place outside the cell nucleus
- stochastic changes: occur randomaly and due to environmental sitmulus
50
Free radical theory
- aging changes are due to damage caused by free radicals
- highly charged metabolic byproducts (free radicals - unpaired electrons) -- damage to cell membranes and increase cross linkage
- nutritional factors may inhibit free radicals
51
Cross-Linkage theory
- large molecules (elastic, collagen, DNA) linked together resulting in: loss of tissue elasticity, negative feedbacak on cell transport and function, cell death
- Dense cross-linkage impede cell function -- cell death
- nutritional supplements reported to decrease cross-linkage
52
Immune system theory
- aging decreases ability to react to foreign bodies
- functional capacity of the immune system declines w age as a result of reduced T-cell function
- bone marrow (produces immature T-cells) and thymus glad (mature T-cells) are the primary organs of immunity
- thymus gland gets smaller & bone marrow becomes less efficient
53
Neuroendocrine (and hormonal) theory
- functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones are central to aging process
- physiological changes of aging are due to decreased hormone levels
54
Hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands (HPA) act as master timekeepers (neuroendocrine theory)
- decrease in function (secretion) - alter homeostasis
| - pituitary changes - alter cell absroption of hormones at target organ
55
neuroendocrine and hormonal theory is thought to be:
preprogrammed (genetic), stress related, or both ??
56
what is the impact of sleep deprivation on aging
- affects HPA axis homeostasis
- Increases cortisol (stress hormone) production
- decreases GH production
57
What is the role of lifestyle choices in aging
- more dramatic change/decline in biological function
- responsible for almost 50% of the decline seen with aging; sedentary lifestyle, nutrition, excess weight, smoking, alcohol intake
58
Aging is viewed as part of the same continuum as the
process of development:
| ___ controlled, and probably ___ but subject to ____ influences
