Lecture 30/10/24

Question 1

Components of digestive system

Answer 1

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestines, large intestines and anus

Question 2

Accessory organs of digestive system

Answer 2

salivary glands, teeth,
liver, gallbladder and pancreas, tongue

Question 3

Function of digestive system

Answer 3

Physical/chemical food breakdown
Absorb nutrients
Eliminate waste

Question 4

What is alimentary canal

Answer 4

The continuous hollow tube of digestive tract

Question 5

Structure of alimentary canal

Answer 5

Two muscle layers
Inner circular - has thickened parts (sphincters)
Outer longitudinal
Separated by neurovascular/lymphatic vessels

Question 6

How does peristalsis work

Answer 6

longitudinal acts as a wave, circular prevents going backwards

Question 7

Function of mouth

Answer 7

starts the process of chemical and mechanical digestion.
Mixing food with enzymes
making food swallowable

Question 8

borders of mouth

Answer 8

Anteriorly – lips
Posteriorly – oropharyngeal isthmus
Laterally – cheeks / buccal surfaces (buccinators muscle)
Superiorly – palate (hard/soft)
Inferiorly - tongue and floor

Question 9

Floor of mouth structure

Answer 9

Mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
U shaped diaphragm

Question 10

Floor of mouth function

Answer 10

Supports tongue

Question 11

Soft palate structure and function

Answer 11

Posterior ⅓. Mobile muscular fold. Uvula – fold of muscle; saliva, speech, gag reflex

Question 12

Hard palate structure and function

Answer 12

Anterior ⅔ . Made of Maxilla and palatine bones.

Question 13

Tongue structure

Answer 13

Base attached to hyoid bone and to floor by lingual frenulum.
Skeletal muscle fibres (voluntary) intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 14

Tongue function

Answer 14

Taste
Speech
Mastication
Swallowing

Question 15

Teeth function

Answer 15

Speech
Mastication

Question 16

Salivary glands structure

Answer 16

Three bilateral pairs of glands that release saliva into mouth through ducts.

Question 17

Name the 3 salivary glands

Answer 17

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

Question 18

What is the pharynx split into

Answer 18

Naso, oro and laryngopharynx

Question 19

oesophagus function

Answer 19

transport food or chyme from mouth to stomach.

Question 20

structure of oesophagus

Answer 20

A muscular tube resistant to damage.
begins distally to the mouth, lies posterior to trachea but anterior to spine.
passes through diaphragm posterior to central tendon at T10

Question 21

stomach function

Answer 21

mix or pummel food into chyme
supports further mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 22

stomach structure (general)

Answer 22

Collapses when empty.
C or J shaped

Question 23

sections of stomach

Answer 23

• greater and lesser curvature
• Main body
• Pylorus - pyloric antrum (superior) and pyloric canal (inferior)
• Cardia - connects to oesophagus
• Fundus - often has gas in it

Question 24

two stomach sphincters

Answer 24

lower oesophageal sphincter
pyloric sphincter

Question 25

3 regions of small intestine

Answer 25

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 26

function of duodenum

Answer 26

breaks down food using enzymes receives, chyme, digestive juices and bile

Question 27

structure of duodenum

Answer 27

c shaped 4 regions: superior descending horizontal ascending

Question 28

jejunum function

Answer 28

majority of absorption peristalsis

Question 29

jejunum structure

Answer 29

villi that have a capillary bed and lacteals microvilli - brush border - contains enzymes

Question 30

ileum structure

Answer 30

mesenteric fat small thin lumen, less distinct circular folds peyers patches

Question 31

ileum function

Answer 31

absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and anything else left over

Question 32

what is anesmosis

Answer 32

cut out diseased section of bowel and sew two ends together

Question 33

structure of large intestine

Answer 33

goblet cells make lubricant mucous haustra tenia coil - 2 bands of longitudinal muscle

Question 34

sections of large intestine

Answer 34

caecum ascending colon - more posterior, right side transverse colon - more anterior descending colon - more anterior, left side sigmoid colon - S shape, more anterior rectum - anterior

Question 35

anal canal structure

Answer 35

internal sphincter - smooth muscle external sphincter - skeletal muscle

Question 36

liver structure

Answer 36

wedge shape Covered by fibroelastic capsule made of visual peritoneum. Underneath has blood and lymph vessels. Posterior cranial aspect not covered by peritoneum so bare area.

Question 37

liver lobes

Answer 37

4 lobes. 2 main lobes right and left divided by falciform ligament. The right is larger and divided into caudate and quadrate lobes. Round ligament and coronary ligament

Question 38

liver function (digestive)

Answer 38

make bile

Question 39

gallbladder structure

Answer 39

sac like, on inferior liver surface right and left hepatic duct cystic duct common bile duct sphincter of oddi

Question 40

gallbladder function

Answer 40

store and concentrate bile

Question 41

exocrine vs endocrine

Answer 41

exo - duct endo - blood

Question 42

pancreas function

Answer 42

make pancreatic juices make insulin and glucagon

Question 43

what is pancreatic juices made of

Answer 43

water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes

Question 44

what is segmentation

Answer 44

localised mixing contractions

Question 45

define ingestion

Answer 45

taking in food

Question 46

define propulsion

Answer 46

moving food

Question 47

define digestion (mechanical and chemical)

Answer 47

breakdown

Question 48

define absorption

Answer 48

going through gi tract barrier into blood

Question 49

define Egestion or elimination

Answer 49

waste expelled

Question 50

segmentation process

Answer 50

1. Contraction of circular muscle 2. Constricts intestine → segments 3. Muscle fibres in middle of each segment contract which divides segment further 4. First fibres relax creating large segment again 5. Repeats so chyme is sloshed back and forth

Question 51

where is amylase made

Answer 51

salivary glands and pancreas

Question 52

where is protease made

Answer 52

pancreas

Question 53

where is lipase made

Answer 53

pancreas