Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Week 3 > Lecture 32: Vasoactive Peptides and Inhibitors, The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syndrome > Flashcards

Lecture 32: Vasoactive Peptides and Inhibitors, The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the RAAS pathway?

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes renin release?

A

What causes renin release?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of compound is angiotensin?

A

A protein or polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What turns off renin activity?

A
  1. Angiotensin II binding to its receptors
  2. angiotensin II floating around blood will turn off renin production
    • negative feedback loop with angiotensin II
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two receptors for Angiotensin II?

A
  1. AT1 subtype

2. AT2 subtype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key characteristics of AT1 subtype?

A

One of the two subtypes of angiotensin II receptors
Primarily responsible for vasoCONSTRICTION
GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Concentrated in the following:
i. vasculature
ii. myocardial tissue
iii. renal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Losartan?

A

An antagonist for AT1 subtype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the response of angio II binding to AT1?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Aldosterone release
  3. Cell proliferation
  4. hypertrophy
  5. matrix deposition (increase in fibrosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of AT2 subtype?

A

Uterus and fetus is where it is expressed
Constitutively expressed but can be induced
Not sure what this guy does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of angiotensin receptor can be induced in expression?

A

AT2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the response of angio II binding to AT2?

A
  1. vasoDILATION
  2. bradykinin, NO and cGMP release
  3. antiproliferation
  4. apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of angio II on CNS?

A

Angio II can access brain regions lacking blood brain barrier
Results in
i. central pressure response resulting from sympathetic activation
ii. Endocrine: release of ADH and ACTH
iii. Behavioral: increases thirst and sodium appetite
Intake and Retention of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of angio II on the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. increases release and decrease uptake of NE from postganglionic neurons
  2. enhances the sensitivity of target tissues to NE
  3. Net effect is vasoconstriction
    Angiotensin II is synergistic with NE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of angio II on the adrenal medulla? Adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells

2. Stimulates synthesis and release of aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is angiotensin II’s effect on kidney?

A
  1. antidiuresis and antinatriuresis
  2. reduces glomerular filtration
  3. inhibits renin release (negative feedback)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does angiotensin II lead to disease?

A
  1. can lead to HTN through vasoconstriction (slide 17)
  2. angiotensin II also has growth factor like effects on cardiac myocytes/smooth cells leading to
    i. cell proliferation/apoptosis (slide 18)
    ii. HYPERTROPHY
    iii. fibrosis in myocytes
  3. Has a pro inflammatory response in vascular tissue
    i. impairs endothelial cell function and induces oxidation
    Slide 19
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does angiotensin II initiate atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Facilitates LDL oxidation and increases uptake in macrophages = INCREASE of foam cells = fatty deposition
  2. Induces Endothelial cell to express VCAM-1 for more monocyte adhesion (inflammatory cells)…PRO-INFLAMMATORY
  3. Induces NFkappaB activation to recruit monocytes
  4. Induces Smooth muscle cell to increase IL-6 and thus C-reactive protein (CRP) which is a systemic inflammatory marker
18
Q

How does angio II facilitate LDL oxidation?

A
  1. activates NADPH which generates ROS and oxidates LDL
  2. Induces Lox-1 Receptor expression which leads to uptake of oxidated LDL
  3. Leads to endothelial dysfunction do to increase of oxidative stress
19
Q

What is the cycle of angio II and inflammation?

A

Too much angio II = oxidative stress = cytokine/leukocyte recruitment = Inflammation
Inflammation leads to increase in ACE, Cathepsin G and Chymase production
ACE, Cathespin G and chymase upregulate angio II

20
Q

What are ways to manipulate the RAA system pharmacologically?

A
  1. beta blockers
  2. renin blocker
  3. ACE inhibitors
    i. captopril
    ii. enalapril
    iii. Lisinopril
    iv. ramipril
  4. ACE Receptor blocker
    i. Losartin
  5. Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist
    i. Spironolactone
    ii. Eplerenone
21
Q

What is the relationship between beta blockers and RAA system?

A 
Beta blockers (Beta 1 receptor) decrease adrenergic activation which decreases renin synthesis
Because adrenergic activation activates renin, blocking the former will decrease the latter
22
Q

What are the potential limitations with ACE inhibition?

A

Lacks specificity for the enzyme
Alternate pathways for angiotensin II production
Poor side effect profile

23
Q

What are the other pathways to forming angiotensin II? Significance?

A
  1. t-Pa, Cathepsin G and tonin can convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
  2. CAGE, cathepsin G and chymase can covert angiotensin I and angiotensin II
    Alternate pathways more prominent during disease states
    So if you are giving ACE inhibitors, it won’t be as helpful due to these alternate pathways
24
Q

What happens to angio 2 levels in blood after ACEI therapy is used?

A

Angio II levels increase due to compensatory mechanism
However, decreased angio II lvels are not what is responsible for long-term BP control
Angio II levels actually rise above baseline
However, BP still stays controlled because of upregulation of bradykinin

25
Q

How do ACE inhibitors regulate blood pressure even though angiotensin II levels recover due to alternate pathways?

A

Normally, ACE breaks down bradykinin
When ACE is inhibited by ACE inhibitors, bradykinin increases and will then lead to more vasodilation (and less HTN)
ACEinhibitors = more bradykinin = greater vasodilation and drop in BP

26
Q

What are the adverse effects of bradykinin (of ACE inhibitors)? Significance?

A
  1. cough
  2. angloedema (swelling tongue)
  3. renal dysfunction
  4. hypotension
  5. antigrowth
  6. antiproliferative
    That’s why ACE inhibitors can lead to cough through increase in bradykinin levels
27
Q

How do you make the ACE inhibitors more specific so that it won’t have the side effects of bradykinin?

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers NINJAAAA

At the level of the brain, kidney, adrenal cortex, gut and vascular smooth muscle

28
Q

What are the limitations with the angiotensin receptor blocker approach?

A

Loss of vasodilation from loss of bradykinin
However, this problem is overcome by binding only AT1 instead of AT2
By allowing angiotensin II to bind to AT2, then you get vasodilation and BP control

29
Q

Do ARBs send negative feedback to renin?

A

No they don’t, they actually maintain/increase renin levels

This is because one of two ways that Renin is downregulated is through the binding of AngioII to the Angio II Receptors

30
Q

What is PRA?

A

Plasma renin activity

31
Q

What does ARB do to the renin, angio I and angio II levels?

A

Upregulates because it takes away one of the feedback loops

32
Q

What does ACEI do to renin, angio I and angio II?

A

Angio II is decreased

ARB and Angio I = increased

33
Q

What happens if you take out angiotensin II?

A

You get a shitload more renin because you don’t have negative feedback loop

34
Q

What is the point of renin inhibitors?

A

To decrease levels of renin that have increased as a result of no angiotensin II in blood
However, DRI (direct renin inhibition) is NOT effective so more studies still need to be done

35
Q

What is DRI?

A

Direct renin inhibition

36
Q

What is Aliskiren?

A

A direct renin inhibitor

37
Q

What are the MoA of spironolactone and eplerenone?

A

Blocks mineralocorticoid receptors to aldosterone

Therefore promotes natriuresis

38
Q

What are the examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Anything that ends with “-pril”

  1. Enalapril
  2. Lisinopril
  3. Ramipril
  4. Captopril
39
Q

What is Enalapril?

A

An Angiotensin converting enzyme

Blocks ACE specifically

40
Q

What is Losartan?

A

A type of Angio 2 receptor blocker (ARB)

Antagonist of AT1

Cardio Week 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions