Lecture 35+36+DLA Flashcards by Trevor Losego

Entamoeba histolytica

Protozoa
uses pseudopodia 
may invade the colon and lead to bloody diarrhea 
amoebic liver abscess
asexual reproduction

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Balantidium coli

Protozoa
ciliated
lives in the colon of pigs, humans and rodents can get colonic ulcer

asexual reproduction

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Giardia lamblia

flagella protozoan

lives in the small intestine that leads to malabsorption

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Cryptosporidium parvum

Protozoa
non-motile
usually seen in more immunocompromised people
can reproduced asexually and sexually

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Cyclospora cyatenensis

Protozoa
non-motile
parasitizes the small intestine muscosa
may cause diarrhea

reproduce sexually and asexually

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Trichomonas vaginalis

Protozoa
flagellate
urogenital parasite
sexually transmitted

reproduces asexually

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plasmodium spp.

Protozoa
non-motile
transmitted by mosquito

the reason for malaria

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Leishmania spp

flagellate protozoan

transmitted by sand flies

h visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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Trypanosoma

flagellate protozoan causes:

sleeping sickness = tsetse fly

chaga disease = transmitted by kissing bug

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Naegleria fowleri

Protozoa
found in freshwater

can invade the nasal mucosa into the brain and leads to rapidly progressing primary acute meningoencephalitis

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Acanthamoeba spp.-

Protozoa
found in soil and water

Infection of the eye causes a keratitis resulting in
eye pain, redness, tearing and potential loss of vision

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Metazoa- routes of transmission

fecal-oral
direct skin penetration
ingestion
insect vector

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Metazoa-Physiology & Reproduction

can be free living or parasitic
multicellular
acquire nutrition by host by active or passive absorption
reproduce sexually or asexually

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Clinical symptoms associated with helminthic infections

mechanical blockage
pressure from the growing parasite
nutritional deficiency
long term damage and ongoing immune stimulation

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Significance of Polyparasitism

co-infection
commonly occurs with roundworm (helminths or protozoa)

Helminth co-infections can enhance morbidity for other infectious diseases, e.g., tuberculosis and HIV

significant for appropriate prevention and control

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Symptoms associated with nematode infections

mostly asymptomatic

lungs:
asthma or cough

intestines:
bloody stools
general GI symptoms
malnutrition and weight loss

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general features of nematodes (round worms)

cylindrical body with complete digestive tract
have hooks and suckers to attach to mucosa
will produce eggs in host sexually

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Ascaris (roundworm)

nematodes
usually seen in places with poor hygiene
transmitted by fecal-oral route

live in the small intestine (adult)
causes eosinophilia

Enterobius (pinworm)

nematode
fecal-oral route
found mainly in children worldwide

Trichuris (whipworm)

nematode
fecal-oral route
Can cause diarrhea, rectal prolapse and anemia in heavily-infected people

Ancylostoma and Necator (hookworms)

nematode
acquired by skin penetration
major cause of anemia in tropical areas

Strongyloides

nematode
acquired by skin penetration
inhibits the small intestine

Infection more severe in immunocompromised people (e.g. HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, intercurrent
disease)

Toxocara

nematode
infection of dogs and cats
human interaction occurs when eggs are in feces
common in kids and can lead to migraines

Trichinella

nematode
consumption of infected and unfrozen or poorly cooked meat
Encysted larvae occur in striate muscle and symptoms
occur based on location

Onchocerca volvulus

filarial nematode transmitted by the black fly visual impairment blindness severe itching of the skin

Wuchereria bancrofti

Filarial nematodes The major causative agent of lymphatic filariasis

Brugia malayi

Filarial nematodes A microfilarial parasite that causes lymphatic filariasis

Trematodes (flukes)-General features

dead end digestive system Trematode life cycle involves more than one host, a mollusk and a vertebrate

Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)

parasite of humans and pigs will live in the upper intestine lead to inflammation, ulceration, and small intestine hemorrhage

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)

This parasite is acquired by ingestion of infective | metacercariae in raw or pickled crustaceans

Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)

a parasite of sheep and humans get infected when ingesting freshwater plants, lives in the bile ducts of the liver Fascioliasis can lead to severe anemia in humans

Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)

Acquired by ingestion of infective metacercariae in raw, | pickled, smoked fish

``` Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) ```

causes cysticercosis worldwide acquired by ingestion of contaminated, uncooked beef and pork that contain cystercerci Taenia solium causes neurocysticercosis (pork)

``` Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm) and Echinococcus multilocularis (rodent tapeworm) ```

Hydatid disease occurs when the larval stages of these organisms are ingested The larvae may develop in the human host and cause lesions in several organs

what are the 4 types of medical battery

1. no consent to any procedure 2. consent to a different procedure 3. same procedure, different body part 4. same procedure, same body part, different doc

medical malpractice

Negligence, often unintentional, existing duty of care Breach duty of care Breach of standard of care caused the patient’s injury Patient suffered damages because of the injury

medical battery

acted with intent patient did not agree to action harmful or offensive action no need to prove injury or negligence

what are the elements of informed consent

competence disclosure (what would they want to know before consenting) understanding (what does the patient understand about how it impacts them) voluntariness authorization

reasonable patient

disclose any major risk | disclose any minor risk

reasonable physician

Disclose only risks widely agreed among physicians and the medical profession

Competence

Legal determination by a court that applies to all decisions

Insanity

Legal determination by a court in relation to criminal responsibility

Capacity

Clinical determination that is decision specific ability to understand and make a choice ability to communicate that choice can fluctuate ex: dementia, under age, mental disability