Lecture 3B

Question 1

Why is Growth and Yield Modeling Important?

Answer 1

Helps predict future forest conditions, supports decision-making in forest management and conservation, and improves sustainable timber production and resource allocation.

Question 2

What is Growth?

Answer 2

The increase in tree volume, biomass, or height over time.

Question 3

The increase in tree volume, biomass, or height over time.

Answer 3

Growth

Question 4

What is Yield?

Answer 4

The total volume of timber or biomass that can be harvested at a specific time.

Question 5

The total volume of timber or biomass that can be harvested at a specific time.

Answer 5

Yield

Question 6

What is Site Index?

Answer 6

A measure of site productivity based on the height of dominant trees at a reference age (e.g., 50 years for some species).

Question 7

A measure of site productivity based on the height of dominant trees at a reference age (e.g., 50 years for some species).

Answer 7

Site Index

Question 8

What is Annual Growth Rate?

Answer 8

Growth measured over a specific period, used to estimate long-term forest productivity.

Question 9

Growth measured over a specific period, used to estimate long-term forest productivity.

Answer 9

Annual Growth Rate

Question 10

What is Basal Area?

Answer 10

The cross-sectional area of all trees in a forest stand, used in growth calculations.

Question 11

The cross-sectional area of all trees in a forest stand, used in growth calculations.

Answer 11

Basal Area

Question 12

What is Increment?

Answer 12

The increase in tree size over time, categorized as current, mean, or periodic.

Question 13

The increase in tree size over time, categorized as current, mean, or periodic.

Answer 13

Increment

Question 14

Growth and Yield Models (5)

Answer 14

Annual Growth Rate
Deterministic Models
Stochastic Models
Empirical Models
Process-Based Models

Question 15

What is the Annual Growth Rate formula?

Answer 15

Growth divided by the number of years in the period.

Question 16

Growth divided by the number of years in the period.

Answer 16

Annual Growth Rate formula

Question 17

What are Deterministic Models?

Answer 17

Models that predict fixed outcomes based on given input variables and assume no randomness, useful for controlled conditions.

Question 18

Models that predict fixed outcomes based on given input variables and assume no randomness, useful for controlled conditions.

Answer 18

Deterministic Models

Question 19

What are Stochastic Models?

Answer 19

Models that incorporate random variation to account for natural unpredictability and provide different possible outcomes with associated probabilities.

Question 20

Models that incorporate random variation to account for natural unpredictability and provide different possible outcomes with associated probabilities.

Answer 20

Stochastic Models

Question 21

What are Empirical Models?

Answer 21

Models based on observed data rather than theoretical assumptions, used for practical yield forecasting.

Question 22

Models based on observed data rather than theoretical assumptions, used for practical yield forecasting.

Answer 22

Empirical Models

Question 23

What are Process-Based Models?

Answer 23

Models that simulate physiological processes like photosynthesis and carbon allocation and require extensive field data and computational resources.

Question 24

Models that simulate physiological processes like photosynthesis and carbon allocation and require extensive field data and computational resources.

Answer 24

Process-Based Models

Question 25

What is the Estimation process in model development?

Answer 25

Determining statistical coefficients to describe growth and yield relationships.

Question 26

Determining statistical coefficients to describe growth and yield relationships.

Answer 26

Estimation process in model development

Question 27

What is Evaluation in model development?

Answer 27

Assessing model performance using accuracy tests and validation techniques.

Question 28

Assessing model performance using accuracy tests and validation techniques.

Answer 28

Evaluation in model development

Question 29

What is Verification in model development?

Answer 29

Ensures the model functions logically without errors.

Question 30

Ensures the model functions logically without errors.

Answer 30

Verification in model development

Question 31

What is Validation in model development?

Answer 31

Tests the model against real-world data to confirm accuracy.

Question 32

Tests the model against real-world data to confirm accuracy.

Answer 32

Validation in model development

Question 33

What is Sensitivity Analysis?

Answer 33

Examining how changes in input variables affect model predictions.

Question 34

Examining how changes in input variables affect model predictions.

Answer 34

Sensitivity Analysis

Question 35

What is Uncertainty Assessment?

Answer 35

Recognizing limitations in data collection and assumptions.

Question 36

Recognizing limitations in data collection and assumptions.

Answer 36

Uncertainty Assessment

Question 37

What is Simulation?

Answer 37

Uses computer models to estimate forest stand development over time and can test different scenarios for management planning.

Question 38

Uses computer models to estimate forest stand development over time and can test different scenarios for management planning.

Answer 38

Simulation

Question 39

What is Calibration

Answer 39

Adjusts the model to match specific local conditions (e.g., climate, soil type) and involves refining parameters to improve predictive accuracy.

Question 40

Adjusts the model to match specific local conditions (e.g., climate, soil type) and involves refining parameters to improve predictive accuracy.

Answer 40

Calibration

Question 41

What is Monitoring?

Answer 41

Continuous evaluation to refine predictions and correct errors, requiring long-term data collection for model updates.

Question 42

Continuous evaluation to refine predictions and correct errors, requiring long-term data collection for model updates.

Answer 42

Monitoring

Question 43

What is the relationship between model complexity and scale?

Answer 43

The complexity of forest processes and structures increases with temporal and spatial levels of integration: Tree → Stand → Landscape.

Question 44

The complexity of forest processes and structures increases with temporal and spatial levels of integration: Tree → Stand → Landscape.

Answer 44

relationship between model complexity and scale

Question 45

What are Black-Box Models?

Answer 45

Models that show statistical correlations between inputs & outputs without explaining underlying processes.

Question 46

Models that show statistical correlations between inputs & outputs without explaining underlying processes.

Answer 46

Black-Box Models

Question 47

What are White-Box Models?

Answer 47

Models that consider physiological and ecological processes, providing mechanistic insights.

Question 48

Models that consider physiological and ecological processes, providing mechanistic insights.

Answer 48

White-Box Models

Question 49

What are Whole Stand Models?

Answer 49

Models that estimate forest growth and yield at the stand level without differentiating between individual trees.

Question 50

Models that estimate forest growth and yield at the stand level without differentiating between individual trees.

Answer 50

Whole Stand Models

Question 51

Type of Whole Stand Models

Answer 51

Density-free models Variable-density models Diameter distribution models

Question 52

What are Density-free models?

Answer 52

Models that assume maximum or average stand density and are the basis for traditional yield tables.

Question 53

Models that assume maximum or average stand density and are the basis for traditional yield tables.

Answer 53

Density-free models

Question 54

What are Variable-density models?

Answer 54

Models that use stand density as an explicit factor.

Question 55

Models that use stand density as an explicit factor.

Answer 55

Variable-density models

Question 56

What are Diameter distribution models?

Answer 56

Models that refine whole stand models by incorporating diameter class structure (tree size, height, volume).

Question 57

Models that refine whole stand models by incorporating diameter class structure (tree size, height, volume).

Answer 57

Diameter distribution models

Question 58

What are Diameter Class Models?

Answer 58

Models that simulate growth for each diameter class separately, summing volumes to obtain total stand volume.

Question 59

Models that simulate growth for each diameter class separately, summing volumes to obtain total stand volume.

Answer 59

Diameter Class Models

Question 60

What is the common approach for short-term predictions in Diameter Class Models

Answer 60

Stand table projection

Question 61

Stand table projection

Answer 61

What is the common approach for short-term predictions in Diameter Class Models

Question 62

Mortality, harvest, and ingrowth

Answer 62

must be computed separately in Diameter Class Models

Question 62

What must be computed separately in Diameter Class Models

Answer 62

Mortality, harvest, and ingrowth

Question 63

What are the assumptions of Diameter Class Models?

Answer 63

- All tree diameters in a diameter class equal the midpoint diameter for that class - Trees of a diameter class all grow at the same average rate

Question 64

What is the Movement ratio in Diameter Class Models?

Answer 64

Estimates the proportion of trees shifting to a higher DBH class.

Question 65

What is the Movement ratio in Diameter Class Models?

Answer 65

Estimates the proportion of trees shifting to a higher DBH class.

Question 66

Estimates the proportion of trees shifting to a higher DBH class.

Answer 66

Movement ratio in Diameter Class Models

Question 67

What are the applications of Regression Models in Forest Management?

Answer 67

- Weight Scaling for Sawlogs (predicting sawlog volume based on truckload weight). - Stem Taper Analysis (estimating volume distribution within a tree). - Merchantable Volume Predictions (estimating usable wood volume for different top diameters). - Biomass Prediction (tree weight estimations using DBH and height). - Yield Estimation for Uneven-Aged Stands (predicting long-term forest productivity).

Question 68

What is Site Index?

Answer 68

A measure of site quality based on dominant tree height at a reference/index age (e.g., 50-100 years), commonly used for even-aged stands.

Question 69

A measure of site quality based on dominant tree height at a reference/index age (e.g., 50-100 years), commonly used for even-aged stands.

Answer 69

Site Index

Question 70

What do Site index curves help predict?

Answer 70

Future stand height development.

Question 71

Future stand height development.

Answer 71

Site index curves help predict

Question 72

What are the types of site index curves?

Answer 72

Anamorphic curves Polymorphic curves

Question 73

Anamorphic curves

Answer 73

same shape, different intercepts

Question 74

same shape, different intercepts

Answer 74

Anamorphic curves

Question 75

different shapes and intercepts

Answer 75

Polymorphic curves

Question 76

Polymorphic curves

Answer 76

different shapes and intercepts