Lecture 4

Question 1

What is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 3

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 3

Nerve fibres carrying information between the CNS and other parts of the body.

Question 4

Where are most of the neuronal cell bodies located?

Answer 4

The CNS.

Question 5

What is the PNS subdivided into?

Answer 5

afferent

efferent

Question 6

What do the afferent nerves do?

Answer 6

Cary information from the sensors to the CNS.

Question 7

What do efferent nerves do?

Answer 7

Cary information from the CNS to effector organs.-

Question 8

What are the two components of the efferent nervous system?

Answer 8

The autonomic system

The somatic system

Question 9

What does the autonomic system do?

Answer 9

Nerve fibres innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle , glands, some motor organs and some immune organs. (no conscious control)

Question 10

What two sections is the autonomic system divided into?

Answer 10

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 11

What does the somatic system do?

Answer 11

• consists of fibres of the motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle
• conscious control
• also controls reflexes

Question 12

What are the three classes of neurons?

Answer 12

Afferent, efferent, interneurons

Question 13

Where are most of the afferent and efferent neurons?

Answer 13

PNS

Question 14

Where are the interneurons located?

Answer 14

CNS

Question 15

Are most visceral organs innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 15

Yes.

Question 16

How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems interact?

Answer 16

They both affect most organs, in opposite ways. Both increase and decrease the activity in some.

Question 17

Which system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) dominates the fight or flight response?

Answer 17

Sympathetic.

Question 18

Which system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) dominates the rest and digest phase?

Answer 18

Parasympathetic-

Question 19

What are the four major types of glial cells?

Answer 19

1 astrocytes
2 oligodendrocytes
3 ependymal cells
4 microglia

Question 20

What are astrocytes?

Answer 20

• most abundant glial cells
• hold neurons together
• guide them in fetal development)
• help in establishing the blood brain barrier
• nutrient transport
• repair of injury
• basically take care of the neurons

Question 21

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 21

-glial cells that create myelin sheaths

Question 22

What are the ependymal cells?

Answer 22

Glial cells that line the internal cavities of the CNS

• contributes to the formation of CSF
• stem from which more glial and neural cells can emerge
• control what goes in and out of the brain

Question 23

What are the microglia?

Answer 23

-the immune system of the CNS

Question 24

What layers protect the CNS?

Answer 24

• cranium (skull)
• the meninges- dura, arachnoid and pia mater
• CSF
• blood/brain barrier

Question 25

What layers protect the PNS?

Answer 25

- spinal column | - meninges (pia and dura)

Question 26

What are the functions of CSF?

Answer 26

- protection of the brain | - exchange of material between the neural cells and the interstitial fluid (not blood)

Question 27

What is the role of astrocytes in the blood brain barrier?

Answer 27

Form tight junctions in between the capillaries so only way through is through the capillaries themselves not in between.

Question 28

What substances diffuse easily across the blood brain barrier?

Answer 28

CO2, O2, alcohol, anaesthetics and steroid hormones, small water molecules =passive transport

Question 29

How are most substances transported across the blood brain barrier?

Answer 29

- Active transport - transported by selective membrane bound carriers - glucose (only source of energy) - amino acids, - ions (Na+, K+ )

Question 30

What are the 4 main parts of functional anatomy of the brain?

Answer 30

``` 1.Cerebrum below is 2. Forebrain at the back is 3.Cerebellum 4.Brainstem ```

Question 31

What is the cerebrum divided into?

Answer 31

1. Frontal lobes 2. Parietal lobes 3. Occipital lobes 4. Temporal lobes 5. Basal nuclei

Question 32

What is the function of the frontal lobes?

Answer 32

-voluntary motor activity

Question 33

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

Answer 33

-processing sensory information from somatic areas

Question 34

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

Answer 34

-visual information

Question 35

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

Answer 35

-auditory information

Question 36

What is the functions of the basal nuclei?

Answer 36

-action selection

Question 37

Which parts of the brain have a role in cerebral connections?

Answer 37

- thalamus - hypothalamus - limbic system

Question 38

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 38

- relay station | - important in motor control

Question 39

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 39

-integration center for homeostatic functions

Question 40

What is the role of the limbic system?

Answer 40

-animal motivation and memory | hippocampus and amygdala

Question 41

What is the EEG?

Answer 41

electroencephalography - electrodes on head= see electric activity depending on which part of the brain are active - pain detection (before slaughter)

Question 42

What are the cerebral functions?

Answer 42

- learning | - memory-information/response processing

Question 43

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 43

- balance /eye movements) - organisation of voluntary movement (the patterns) - gaits

Question 44

Describe cerebral hypoplasia in cattle.

Answer 44

- when cerebrum dies off | - animal can't move well as its motor areas are gone

Question 45

What is the function of the brain stem?

Answer 45

- vital visceral regulation - cranial nerves - sleep (anaesthesia) - relay center between the PNS and CNS

Question 46

Cranial nerve 12.

Answer 46

Hypoglossal

Question 47

What is part of the spinal cord?

Answer 47

- meninges - CSF - Afferent tracts - Efferent tracts - spinal reflexes

Question 48

What is the small circuit involving the reflexes like?

Answer 48

Afferent neuron- interneuron- efferent neuron

Question 49

Describe Wobbler syndrome in horses.

Answer 49

-damage to spinal cord= instability of vertebrae= pinching of spinal nerves -you know where your leg is, the horse doesn't = very hard to coordinate