Lecture 4

Question 1

Dermal Route Exposure

Answer 1

Has one barrier.

Question 2

Respiratory Route Exposure

Answer 2

Has two barrier

Question 3

Oral Route Exposure

Answer 3

Might have two, but the first barrier is not much of a barrier to speak of.

Question 4

Parenteral routes

Answer 4

NO BARRIERS
Intravenous (IV)(Most direct)
Intramuscular (Vaccines)
Intraperitoneal (Stomach area injection)
Subcutaneous (Insulin)

Question 5

Isoniazid

Answer 5

Anti tuberculosis medication

Question 6

Acute

Answer 6

<24 Hrs. Single exposure

Question 7

Subacute

Answer 7

Less than a month. Repeated Exposure

Question 8

Subchronic

Answer 8

1-3 months

Question 9

Chronic

Answer 9

more than 3 months, up to years

Question 10

Timed dosing

Answer 10

Ex taking 3 pills a day

Question 11

Continuous Dosing

Answer 11

Infusion IV at hospital

Question 12

Reversible Toxic Effects

Answer 12

Most of the time it is reversible, as the drug clears from the system we go back to how we were.

Question 13

Irreversible Toxic Effects

Answer 13

No way to go back

Question 14

Irreversible with Repair Toxic Effects

Answer 14

The only was to go back is to introduce new molecules

Question 15

Immediate Toxicity

Answer 15

Side Effects can be seen almost immediately (Skin irritation or Mucosae (stomach lining or respiratory lining) irritation) (LOCAL TOXICITY)

Question 16

Delayed Toxicity

Answer 16

Delayed health effects may take months or years to appear (Ex cancer takes a long time to develop) (SYSTEMIC TOXICITY)

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

Decreased response to xenobiotic with repeated
exposures.

Question 18

Additive

Answer 18

2+2=4 Drugs add to each other so you would experience the effects of both.

Question 19

Synergistic

Answer 19

2+2=20 Drugs enhance each other. when the combined effect is greater than the sum of each independently

Question 20

Potentiation

Answer 20

0+2=10. When a drug alone will have no effect, however when combined the effects will be enhanced.

Question 21

Anatgonism

Answer 21

2+2=1 or 2+0=1. when the combined effect is less than the sum of each independently

Question 22

pKa value meaning

Answer 22

determines an acid’s strength

Question 23

Acidic drugs will dissolve _____ in the __________.

Answer 23

Better, stomach

Question 24

Neutral drugs will dissolve _________ in the ________.

Answer 24

Better, small intestine.

Question 25

Idiosyncratic Toxicity

Answer 25

* Characterized by extreme sensitivity or insensitivity. * Considered an "abnormal" response. * Often genetically mediated. * One type is the "allergic" or "sensitization" reaction: – Immunologically mediated. – Threshold with steep dose-response

Question 26

Differences between genders are generally due to?

Answer 26

Hormonal activity

Question 27

Mechanism is often due to differential induction of

Answer 27

metabolism

Question 28

Tablet Dosage Forms

Answer 28

– Most commonly used oral dosage form. – Must overcome the reduction in effective surface area produced during the compression process

Question 29

Capsule Dosage Forms

Answer 29

– In theory a very efficient dose form

Question 30

Suspension Dosage Forms

Answer 30

A suspension of a finely divided powder will maximize the potential for rapid dissolution

Question 31

Solution Dosage Forms

Answer 31

In most cases absorption is rapid and complete. Rate limiting step is often the rate of gastric emptying.