Lecture 4 Flashcards
(42 cards)
When do primes prime?
There are things available in the memory, but it’s not highly accessible (not frequently and recently brought to mind) this is when primes work best
True or false: You can prime something even if its not there
False!You can’t prime when it’s NOT there!
Why do we say that People are either Pro-social or Pro-self, what does this mean for priming?
Pro-social (thinks about others)
Pro-self (more on self-interests)
- People who are inconsistently pro-social/pro-self, they are easier to prime
Dictator example explaining pro social and pro self
They did a dictator game, participants call the shots. They get all the money and it’s up
to them to decide how much to give away
○ Consistently pro-social shared more money, opposite for pro-self (they are
chronic pro-social/pro-self)
○ Not much difference for those who are inconsistent
who knows what best, internal traits vs external traits
For external traits
- Your friends and family may know it better
- Friends and family may do better in predicting your relationship prospects
Internal traits
- You know it more about yourself cos you don’t show it all the time to other people
James Redux meaning behingd overlooked
OVERLOOKED: he says that all these selves are not all equal and we must carefully pick out the one which to stake salvation
self esteem is like what
a fuel gauge. (indicating whether psychological need to connect with
others is being fulfilled)
When it’s pointing full, your relatedness/belonging/connected needs are being met
When self esteem is down, a symptom that your belonging needs are not being met
do we see ourselves and the world as is?
or through a rose tinted glass?
For awhile, it was thought a mentally healthy person has close contact with reality and accurate perceptions of reality
Who changed this idea about a mentally healthy person directly having close contact with reality and accurate perceptions of reality?
Shelley Taylor
What did Shelley taylor study? What was the take away?
Studied women with breast cancer (struck by their resilience and psychological
efficacy they have)
○ There was a pattern with the attributions they made, control, and
self-enhancements that help them feel good about the situation they’re in (help
themselves feel good about themselves)
○ Somehow the breast cancer patients have a “healthier” mindset than the actual
healthy ones
what is downward social comparison according to taylor?
Taylor commented that we can find other people whose situation is worse than ours
when we are confronted with a problem (downward social comparison)
What is the self reference effect?
Positive information and successes are efficiently processed and recalled than the
failures and negative traits (self reference effect)
What is the optimistic bias
People are more optimistic that negative life events will not happen to them compared to
peers (optimistic bias)
Social self defined by two elements:
It is malleable and it also has core elements.
true or false ; Parents raise girls and boys differently and that reinforces and amplifies differences in self-construal.
True. Parents raise girls and boys differently: Talk with their girls about more emotional stuff then with their boys, starting from an early age kids are separated in gender segregated group, guys play with guys, girls with girls, that reinforces and amplifies differences in self-construal.
Social self is shaped by _______ and _______
A person’s cultural background (country of residence, gender, race, social class) shapes the social self in profound ways and the social self is shaped by comparisons with other people and by the social identities that people claim.
1. cultural background
2. comparisons
East Asians vs westerners in terms of illusions of the self;
East Asians are less likely than westerners to endorse positive illusions about the self .
East Asians tied to more interdependent values, like fulfilling social roles
Evidence shows that positive illusions don’t = better well being ( not necessarily )
Because it means different things to different cultures to have positive view of the self
Conclusion: Wether and how much self-enhancement provides benefits depends on a range of factors, and at times, enhancing the self can be taken too far.
What is the self-verification theory + give an example
Definition: The theory that people strive for others to view them as they view themselves, such verification of ones views of the self helps people maintain a sense of coherence and predictability.
- example, if you see yourself as extraverted, you will try and get people to see you in that way.
- People will selectively recall information that they think describes them.
Self- Regulation
The processes by which people initiate, alter & control their behaviour in pursuit of a goal - wether the goal is going to be liked by on instagram, to do well in school or to get in better shape.
Motivating and controlling behaviour
Self-Discrepancy theory ( Tory Higgins)
- Actual Self: Self you believe you are
- Ideal self: Your hopes and wishes
-
Ought self: Represents your duties and obligation
People hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like but also what they would ideally like to be and what they think they ought to be.
Promotion focus vs prevention focus
→ result in negative or positive outcome
dejection-related emotions vs agitated emotions:
- to think that you will never become your ideal self: Dejection-related emotions; such as depression + shame, reduced arousal
- In contrast, associations to a persons ought self; Agitated emotions ; such as guilt or panic, elevated arousal.
Shifts in construal and perspective, how to To exercise self-control
Shift how you construe the temptation;
Examples;
- Marshmallow paradigm: kids left with two choices, get a smaller marshmallow now or double size but they would have to wait 15 mins. ( control yourself to get better result)
- Another example, go out with friends before exam or control yourself, resist & stay home study and so you can put chances on your side to do better on the exam.
- High level construals vs low level construals
- High level: focus on abstract, core features = tend to facilitate self-control
- Low level: emphasize salient, concrete details.
