Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathology sem 6 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the Barton cyst

A

Infection of the bartholin gland produces an acute inflammation within the gland and may result in abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are barthlion duct cysts

A

Results from obstruction of the duct by an inflammation, the cyst is lined by meta plastic squamous epithelium, they produce pain and local discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical features of bartholins cyst

A

Small ones are asymptomatic, if it becomes large it can undergo vulvar pain and superficial dyspareunia ( pain during sexual intercourse)

The cyst can undergo spontaneous rupture after which the patient typically experiences a sudden relief of pain

Bartholins abscess, typically present with acute onset of pain and or difficulty passing urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 forms of NNED, non neoplastic epithelial disorders

A
  • lichen sclerosus and lichen simple chronicus

Both may co exist in different areas, in the same patient, can appear as depigmented white lesions, called leukoplakia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vulvar cancer

A

Vulvar cancer primarily affects women older than 65, signs include bleeding and itching
- lump or growth on vulva, changes on Vulva skin, tenderness of vulvar area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina.

Discharge, itching and pain. Associated w irritation or infection of the vulva. Usually due to infection.

Symptoms are: inflammation, foul vaginal Odor, pain/ irritation during sexual intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of vaginitis

A

Secondary
Rare forms
Specific
Non specific
Estrogen deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specific Vaginitis

A
  • trichomoniasis
  • candidiasis
  • chlamydia infections
  • gardnerella
  • gonococcal infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cervicitis

A
  • acute and chronic
  • inflammatory infiltration composed of polys, lymphocytes, macrophages
  • erosion and ulceration of the lining epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chronic cervicitis symptoms

A

Mucoprulent discharge
Backache
Pelvic congestion
Contract bleeding
Infertility
Manifestations of septic focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is HPV

A

Sexually transmitted
Screening is recommended for prevention
Screening is usually done w a Pap smear begins in young adulthood
It is a major cause of cancer (types 16 and 18) but not (6 and 11)
- type 16 can be seen on cervical specimens
- type 18 usually effects the endocervical glands
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathogenesis of HPV

A

sexual activity -> HIV exposure -> Cervical transformation zone

  • HPV uses host cell DNA polymerase to replicate its genome and produce virions.
  • highly virulent HPV produces E6 and E7
  • these proteins inhibit p53, P21 and RB - three potent tumor suppressor that act to suppress the division of squamous cells as they mature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Following tumorigenesis the pattern of local growth may be for HPV.

A

Exophytic- if a cancer arises from the ectocercix
Endophytic - if it arises from the endocervical canal

The tumour spread can be
- direct
- lymphatic
- hematogenous
- transceolomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Histological types of carcinoma of the cervix

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
- large
- keratising
- small cell
- verrucous

Adeno carcinoma
- typical endocervical
- clear cell
- endometrioid
- adenoid cystic
- adenoma malignum

Mixed
- adeno sqamous
- glassy cell

Neuroendocrine
- large cell
- small cell

Other types
- lymphoma
- myeloma
- sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical presentation of carcinoma

A

Can be asymptomatic (early stages, discovered accidentally through screening procedures or family planning clinics) or symptomatic ( vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, catchexia, rectal pain, pain, micturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Figo staging of cervical cancer first 2 stages

A

Stage 1 - carcinoma is strictly confined to the cervix
IA:invasive carcinoma, diagnosed via microscopy.
IA1: measure invasion of storma no more than 3mm
IA2: measure invasion of stroma more than 3mm but not more than 5mm
IB: clinical lesions of the cervix greater than IA
IB1: clinical lesions no greater than 4cm
IB2: clinical lesions greater than 4cm

Stage 2 - carcinoma extends beyond the cervix but has not extended to the pelvic wall, involved the vagina
IIA: no parametrial invasion
IIA1: lesion no created than 4cm
IIA2: lesion greater than 4cm
IIB: parametrial involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Figo staging of cervical cancer 3rd and 4th stage

A

Stage 3: carcinoma has extended to the pelvic wall, we can see it on the rectal examination, tumor involved Lower 1/3 of vagina, cases with hydronephrosis and non functioning kidneys to be included
IIIA: no extension to the pelvic wall
IIIB: extension to pelvic wall and or kidney involvement

Stage 4: carcinoma has extended beyond the pelvis
IVA: spread of growth to adjacent pelvic organs
IVB: spread to distant organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Benign disease of endometrium

A

(1) Endometrial polyp: localised growth of endometrial tissue, covered by epithelium and contains a variable amount of glands, stroma and blood vessels

  • a symptomatic
  • excessive blessing during period
  • bleeding between periods
  • spotting after intercourse
  • slightly higher chance of miscarriage

(2) inflammation:
Acute: mostly related w pregnancy and abortion
Chronic non specific: pregnancy, PID, IUCD, cancer
Chronic specific: TB, mycoplasma, fungal and viral

(3) endometrial hyperplasia: proliferation of glands of irregular size and shape, with increase in gland/ stroke ratio compared with proliferative endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the classification of endometrial hyperplasia

A

Simple: hyperplasia with and without atypia
Complex: with or without atypia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is endometriosis and some causes:

A

A condition which cells similar to the endometrial cells, the layer that normally covers the inside of the uterus grows outside the uterus instead, this usually occurs in the ovaries, fallopian tube and tissue around uterus and ovaries.

Cause: exact cause unknown, some explanations can be:
- retrograde menstruation, menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back to the fallopian tube into pelvic cavity instead of outside the body, these cells then stick to the pelvic walls, where they grow and thicken and bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we determine the stage of endometriosis and what are the stages

Study These Flashcards
A

How:
- location
- number of lesions
- size
- depth of endometrium implant

Stages:
Minimal/ stage 1
Mild/ stage 2
Moderate/ stage 3
Serves/ stage 4

22
Q

Different types of endometriosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Ovarian: nodules implant in the lining of the ovaries, when the tissues around the areas harden, it can develop proliferate into the fallopian tubes and Bowles

Deep infiltrating: nodules implant at least 5mm below the perinotium penetrated structures are uterosacral ligaments, bowel, bladder and uterus

Peritoneal: lining of the abdomen, occurs when endometrial cells travel to and implant in the peritoneal wall

23
Q

Clinical manifestation of endometriosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysmenorrhea - painful cramps
Chronic pelvic pain
Dyspareunia - painful sex
Dysuria- urinary urgency
Bladder frequency
Sigmoid colon and rectum: painful defecation and diarrhea
Perimenstul symptoms

24
Q

Benign disease of myometrium 2 types

Study These Flashcards
A

Leiomyoma
Adenomyosis

25
What is fibroids
Benign clonal tumors that arise from smooth muscle of the human uterus Most uterine leuomyomas are asymptomatic
26
Describe the ovaries
Female gonads Give rise to female gametes called oocytes Located in the ovarian fossa in lateral pelvic wall
27
Ovarian disease classification
Primary inflammatory disorder -> ovarian diseases = function cysts and tumours
28
What is primary inflammatory disorder ( autoimmune oophoritis)
Autoimmune inflammation of the ovaries causing their destruction, atrophy and fibrosis. It is a rare disease causing premature ovarian failure Pathogens: caused but presence of special autoantibodies (StCA) that react both against steroid producing cells in adrenal glands and gonads too
29
Types of ovarian cysts
Follicular: functional, caused by failure of mature follicle to rupture and ovulate, production of excess estrogen, resolves spontaneous Corpus luteal: functional, caused by failure of corpus luteum, excess progesterone, resolves spontaneous Theca lutein: caused but hCG overstimulation, often bilateral associated with gestational trophoblasic disease
30
Functional cysts
1) follicular cyst: originate in unruptured Graafian follicles o follicles that have ruptured and immediately healed. Filled with serous fluid, granulosa lining, associated w increased esteogen production and endometrial abnormalities 2) luteal cyst: granulosa cells have disappeared, leaving cyst surrounded by lutanised tissue. Rim of bright yellow tissue contains granulosa cells. Increased production of progesterone leading to menstrual impairment, rupture of cyst may least to PERITONEAL REACTION. 3) polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) : numerous cystic follicles, often associated with oligomenorrhea, obesity, hirsutism. Variety of enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis, ovaries are twice the normal size, hyperplasia of theca interna
31
Pathophyio of PCOD
Steady state of LH and FSH, no progesterone, irregular bleeding, Increased androgens: LG stimulantion of theca cells and decreased SHBG from liver, free testosterone rises Enlarged ovaries, due to multiple peripheral cystic follicles due to increased androgens, stimulation of FSH
32
Clinical features of PCOS
Ovulatory dysfunction: infertility, irregular uterine bleeding Androgen excess: hirsutism, acne Insulin resistance: obesity
33
What are ovarian tumours
Plural effusion, bowel obstruction We can have a genetic predisposition, BRACA1/BRACA2 mutations. Low risk with pregnancy,
34
Epithelial tumors
- Serous cystademona: benign, linned by fallopian tube like epithelium. - Mucinous cystadenoma: benign, large, lined by mucous secreting epithelium - Brenner tumor: benign, coffee bean nuclei, bladder like epithelium - serous carcinoma: malignant ovarian neoplasm, psanomma boddies - mucinous carcinoma: malignant, rare, may be metastatic, can result in pseudomyoma peritoei
35
What are the germ cell tumors
Mature cystic teratoma: dermatitis cyst, benign, cystic mass, enlargement of all 3 layers, we may see hyperthyroidism. Immature tetratoma: malignant, aggressive, contains fetal tissue Dysgerminoma: malignant, high hCG and LDH and sheets of uniform cells Yolk sac tumor: aka endodermal sinus tumor, malignant and aggressive, Schiller duval boddies
36
Ovarian tumors types
Fibroma: benign, bundle of spindle shaped fibroblasts, meigs syndrome - triad of ovarian fibroma, pleural effusion, ascites Thecoma: benign, may produce esteogen Sertoli leydig cell tumor; benign, may produce androgens Granulosa cell tumor: often produced estrogen and or progesterone, histology shows call Exner boddies
37
Neoplastic
Leiomyoma- benign tumor of myometrium, multiple locations, asymptomatic, estrogen sensitive and tumor size increases with pregnancy and decreases with menopause. Enlarged uterus Endometrial carcinoma: malignant tumor is endometrium, abnormal uterine bleeding, associated with long term exposure to unopposed estrogen
38
What is choriocarcinoma
Rare malignancy of trophoblastic tissue, commonly occurs after abnormal pregnancy, uterine bleeding, hematogenous spread to lungs Treatment is methotrexate
39
Primary ovarian insufficiency
Associated with chromosomal abnormalities, patients present with signs of menopause after puberty, low estrogen but high LH and FSH
40
Anovulatory infertility
Causes are PCOS, primary ovarian insufficiency It’s normal during pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause
41
what is a serous tumor
cystic neoplasms that are linked by tall, columnar, ciliated epithelial cells, filled with serous fluid. examples are: - cyst adenoma - benign. - cystadenofibromas - adenofibromas - cystadenocarcinoma
42
what are mutinous tumor
benign and borderline cystadenomas primary mutinous carcinoma
43
pathogenesis of inflammation of fallopian tubes
salpingitis: - bacterial in origin - chalmidyia, mycoplasma, streptococcus are the major reasons - fever, lower abdominal pain and pelvic masses risk of tube ectopic pregnancy damage may produce perpenant sterility
44
types of inflammation of fallopian tubes
supparative salpingitis salpingitis: caused. y any pyogenic organism gonococcus: tuberolocous: important cause of infertility
45
what causes hypertension during pregnancy and how
1) gestational hypertension: delivery 37-39 weeks 2) preeclampsia: end organ dysfunction, caused by abnormal placental spinal arteries. complications could be HELLP syndrome 3) Eclampsia: preeclampsia with seizures 4) HELLP syndrome: liver issues and low platelets
46
what is uterine rupture
thickness disruption of uterine wall, painful vagininal bleeding, can be lifee threatening for both fetes and mother.
47
postpartum haemorrhage
greater than expected blood loss after delivery. leading cause of maternal mortality
48
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of fertilised ovum in other site other than the uterus.
49
what is aromatase deficiency
inability to synthesise endogenous estrogens. in foetus DHEA can not be converted into estorgens
50
what is androgen insensitivity syndrome
defect in androgen receptor causing female appearing in genetic male. e.g breast development, increased testosterone etc,
51
what is 5 alpha reductase deficiency
autosomal recessive, inability to convert testosterone into DHT.
52
what is Kallmann syndrome
failure to complete puberty, failure of the development of the olfactory bulbs.

pathology sem 6 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions