Lecture 4

Question 0

Function of cellulose

Answer 0

Strengthens plant cell walls

Question 1

What is the function of monosaccharides and disaccharides?

Answer 1

Fuel; carbon source that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers

Question 2

What is the function of starch?

Answer 2

Stores glucose for energy

Question 3

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 3

Stores glucose for energy

Question 4

What are the types of lipids?

Answer 4

• triacylglycerols (fats/oils) glycerol + 2 fatty acids
• phospholipids (phosphate group + 2 fatty acids)
• steroids (4 fused rings with attached chemical groups)
• fat soluble vitamins

Question 5

What is the function of triacylglycerols

Answer 5

Important energy source (more than glucose because of long C chains as opposed to 6 carbons)

Question 6

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 6

Lipid bilayer of membranes, structural function

Long fatty acid chain

Question 7

What is the function of steroids?

Answer 7

• components of cell membranes (cholesterol) structural function
• signalling molecules that travel through the body (hormones) and regulatory function

Question 8

What is the function of structural proteins?

Answer 8

Provide structural support

Question 9

What is the function of regulatory proteins (peptide hormones)

Answer 9

Coordinate organismal responses

Question 10

Function of motor proteins

Answer 10

Function in cell movement

Question 11

Function of transport proteins

Answer 11

Transport substances

Question 12

What is the function of protective proteins

Answer 12

Fight infections (immune system)

Question 13

What is the function of storage proteins

Answer 13

Store amino acids

Question 14

What is the function of defence proteins?

Answer 14

Protect against disease

Question 15

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 15

Stores hereditary information

Question 16

What is the function of RNA

Answer 16

Various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes

Question 17

What are the atomic constituents of the human body (of biological macromolecules)

Answer 17

• oxygen
• carbon
• hydrogen
• nitrogen

Question 18

What are the molecular building blocks?

Answer 18

• amino acids
• nucleobases
• simple carbohydrates
• lipids

Question 19

What do amino acids go through polymerisation to form?

Answer 19

Proteins (macromolecule = polymer)

Question 20

Nucleobases go through polymerisation to form?

Answer 20

DNA and RNA (nucleic acid) (macromolecule = polymer)

Question 21

What do simple carbohydrates go through polymerisation to form?

Answer 21

Complex carbohydrates (macromolecule = polymer)

Question 22

What are macromolecules?

Answer 22

• proteins
• DNA/RNA (nucleic acids)
• complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
• lipids (non-polymeric biomolecule)

Question 23

What is a biomolecule?

Answer 23

Any type of molecule produced by a living organism

Question 24

What are the 4 levels of carbohydrates?

Answer 24

1. Monosaccharides (simple = sugars) 2. Disaccharides (simple = sugars) 3. Oligosaccarides (complex carbs) 4. Polysaccharides (complex carbs)

Question 25

What are the types of monosaccharides? (Single unit building block of carbohydrates)

Answer 25

``` Hexose: (building block higher order carbs) - glucose - fructose - galactose Pentose: (part of larger molecules) - deoxyribose (part of DNA nucleotide) - ribose (part of RNA nucleotide) ```

Question 26

What makes up a disaccharide?

Answer 26

Two monosaccharides

Question 27

What are the types of disaccharides?

Answer 27

- glucose + fructose = sucrose - galactose + glucose = lactose - glucose + glucose = maltose

Question 28

What is a feature of hexose monosaccharides?

Answer 28

They are the 3 most common building blocks in the body

Question 29

What is the only difference between the two pentose monosaccharides?

Answer 29

One for RNA and one for DNA

Question 30

What are oligodaccharides made up of?

Answer 30

3-10 monosaccharides

Question 31

What are polysaccharides made up of?

Answer 31

More than 10 monosaccharides

Question 32

What are the 3 different types of polysaccharides?

Answer 32

- starch - glycogen - cellulose

Question 33

What are the two types of starch?

Answer 33

- amylose | - amylopectin

Question 34

Is starch a plant or animal carbohydrate?

Answer 34

Plant

Question 35

What is starch made up of?

Answer 35

Glucose monomers linked with an (alpha) 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 36

Can the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules be easily broken? How and why?

Answer 36

Yes by enzymes the release glucose for energy

Question 37

Is glycogen an animal or plant carbohydrate?

Answer 37

Animal

Question 38

What is glycogen made up of?

Answer 38

Glucose monomers linked with alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 39

Can the glycosidic bonds in glycogen be broken easily? How and why?

Answer 39

Yes by enzymes to release glucose for energy

Question 40

Is cellulose a plant or animal carbohydrate?

Answer 40

Plant

Question 41

What is cellulose made up of?

Answer 41

Glucose monomers linked with a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 42

Can the glycosidic bonds in cellulose be broken down easily?

Answer 42

No enzymes can't break the bonds for energy

Question 43

What forms can the glucose monomers be in?

Answer 43

Linear or ring

Question 44

What are the two different glucose monomer ring structures?

Answer 44

- alpha (OH group only down) | - beta (OH group only up)

Question 45

Are there more than one linear structures of glucose monomers?

Answer 45

No

Question 46

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 46

- cell recognition - storage of glucose (alpha - starch plant, glycogen animal) - structure (cellulose plants)

Question 47

Are lipids polymers?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

How do lipids and water behave together

Answer 48

They do not mix (oil) | - lipids are hydrophobic

Question 49

What are the 3 functions of lipids?

Answer 49

- structural - regulatory (testosterone/oestrogen) - energy

Question 50

What are the two nucleic acids?

Answer 50

- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | - RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 51

What do nucleotides form?

Answer 51

Nucleic acids (polymers)

Question 52

What are proteins?

Answer 52

Molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism

Question 53

What is the process from DNA to a protein?

Answer 53

A gene in DNA transcribes to a mRNA | - which transcribes to a protein

Question 54

How many different amino acids are there? How are they different?

Answer 54

20 different | Differ by the R group (side chain)

Question 55

How many protein coding genes are in the body?

Answer 55

22,000

Question 56

How many unique proteins are there in the human body?

Answer 56

100,000

Question 57

Genes give rise to proteins, one or many?

Answer 57

One or many proteins

Question 58

What are some functions of proteins?

Answer 58

- structural - regulatory - contractile - transport

Question 59

Why does the plasma membrane have a selective barrier?

Answer 59

- oxygen - nutrients - waste

Question 60

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Answer 60

Double layer phospholipids

Question 61

What about the plasma membrane restricts the size a cell can be?

Answer 61

The surface area because only so many reactions can occur by things transporting through the membrane

Question 62

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 62

Everything inside the plasma membrane (cytosol and organelles) Excluding the nucleus

Question 63

What is the cytosol?

Answer 63

Gel fluid | Contains ions/water/proteins

Question 64

What is the cytoplasm doing constantly?

Answer 64

Moving

Question 65

What is the approximate pH of the cytoplasm?

Answer 65

7

Question 66

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 66

Ribosomal RNA and protein (not organelles surrounded by membrane)

Question 67

What do the ribosomes do?

Answer 67

Carry out protein synthesis

Question 68

Where are the ribosomes free?

Answer 68

In the cytosol

Question 69

Where are the ribosomes bound?

Answer 69

Outside of ER or nuclear envelope