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Biological Psychology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does lateral mean

A

Toward the side

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2
Q

What does medial mean

A

Toward the midline

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3
Q

What does dorsal mean

A

Toward the back

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4
Q

What does anterior mean

A

Toward the front end

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5
Q

What does ventral mean

A

Toward the stomach

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6
Q

What does posterior mean

A

Toward the rear end

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7
Q

Describe the horizontal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain horizontally

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8
Q

Explain the frontal/coronal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain from the top parallel to the face

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9
Q

Describe the sagittal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain from the top as if someone was cutting with an axe

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10
Q

What does midsagittal section mean

A

Section cut down the centre of the brain

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11
Q

What does cross section mean

A

Section cut at a right angle to a long structure

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12
Q

Name the two categories of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System. Peripheral Nervous System.

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13
Q

What does the CNS comprise of

A

Brain. Spinal cord

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14
Q

What does the PNS comprise of

A

Nerves outside of the brain and spine

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15
Q

Name the two subcategories of the PNS

A

Autonomic Nervous System. Somatic Nervous System

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16
Q

Name the two subcategories of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System.

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17
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do

A

Regulates body’s internal environment. Controls involuntary muscles (heart, intestines). Unconscious and automatic

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18
Q

What does afferent mean in terms of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Internal sensory signals to CNS

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19
Q

What does efferent mean in terms of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Motor signals from CNS to internal organs

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20
Q

Describe what the Somatic Nervous System does

A

Interacts with external environment. Controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS. Conscious and voluntary

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21
Q

What does afferent mean in terms of the somatic nervous system

A

From skin, skeleton muscles etc to CNS

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22
Q

What does efferent mean in terms of the somatic nervous system

A

Motor signals from CNS to skeleton muscles

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23
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is conscious and voluntary

A

Somatic Nervous System

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24
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is unconscious and automatic

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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25
Describe what the Sympathetic Nervous System does
Prepares the organs for vigorous activity. Increases breathing and heart rate, decreases digestive activity
26
Describe what the Parasympathetic Nervous System does
Promotes energy-conserving, non-emergency functions. Generally does the opposite of sympathetic activities.
27
Where is the spinal cord
Within the spinal column
28
What does the spinal cord do
Communicates with sense organs and muscles below the head
29
How does the spinal cord work
Sensory nerve enters and motor nerve leaves
30
What happens if the spinal cord gets cut
The brain loses sensation from that segment and all segments below
31
What is gray matter
Cell bodies of motor neurons and other cell bodies and dendrites
32
What is white matter
Myelinated axons
33
What is the central canal
Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid
34
Define reflex arc
Circuit from sensory to muscle response
35
Explain how a reflex arc works
Starts with a sensory stimulation, for instance with a pinch of the skin. Information travels via the sensory nerve into the spinal cord and connects to a so-called intrinsic neuron.
36
Name the three major dimensions of the brain
Forebrain. Midbrain. Hindbrain.
37
How many major divisions are there in the brain and name them.
There are 3 major divisions of the brain, called forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
38
How many sections are there within the hindbrain, and name them
Four. Medulla, Reticular Formation, Pons and Cerebellum.
39
Describe the medulla
Tracts carrying signals between rest of the brain and the body. Controls some vital reflexes
40
Give some examples of what reflexes can be controlled by the medulla
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing.
41
Describe the reticular formation
Plays important role in arousal, sleep, attention, movement, cardiac and circulatory responses
42
Describe the Pons
Axons from each side of the hemisphere cross
43
Describe the cerebellum
Important sensorimotor structure. Seems involved in cognitive functions
44
How many sections are there within the Midbrain and name them
Two; Tectum and Tegmentum
45
Describe the roles of the Tectum
Dorsal part of the midbrain. Superior colliculi which has important visual functions and inferior colliculi which has important auditory functions.
46
Describe the roles of the Tegmentum
Ventral part of the midbrain. Consists of nuclei from the reticular formation, the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. It has sensorimotor functions - part of the system that deteriorates in Parkinson's disease
47
Name the two major sections within the Forebrain
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
48
Name the two major sections within the Hindbrain
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
49
Name the major sections of the midbrain
Mesencephalon
50
Describe the Thalamus
Sensory relay except for olfactory information
51
Describe the Hypothalamus
Important for regulation of motivation behaviours. Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
52
Name the largest division of the brain
Forebrain - Telencephalon
53
Describe what the forebrain - telencephalon does
Initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, mediates complex cognitive processes.
54
Name the main 3 parts of the forebrain
Cerebral cortex basal ganglia and limbic system
55
Describe the basal ganglia
Several structures that play a major role for voluntary motor responses. Has a pathway from substantia nigra to striatum that is deteriorated in Parkinsons's disease
56
Explain the process for Parkinsons disease that reduces tremor
Electrodes implanted deep inside the brain and targeting brain regions with electrical stimulation - Globus pallidus within the Basal ganglia region
57
Describe the Limbic system
Regulation of motivated behaviours and emotions. Includes the Amygala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex
58
Name three divisions within the Limbic system within the Forebrain
Amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex
59
Explain as much as possible about the Cerebral cortex
Outer surface of cerebral hemispheres. Deeply convoluted to increase surface of the cortex. Neurons communicate across hemispheres mainly through the corpus callosum
60
What are large furrows
Fissures
61
What are small furrows
Sulci
62
How many large fissures does the brain have?
3
63
Name the 3 large fissures of the brain
Longitudinal fissure - separates the two hemispheres. Central fissure - runs vertically along the lateral side of the hemispheres. Lateral fissures - runs horizontally along the lateral side of the hemispheres, roughly at the height of the ears
64
How many lobes is each hemisphere of the brain divided into and name them.
There are 4 lobes within each hemisphere. Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Central fissure and Lateral fissure
65
Describe what the Occipital lobe is and does
Main input from thalamic nuclei that receive visual input. Posterior pole = primary visual cortex. Destruction of V1 causes blindness in related part of the visual field
66
Describe what the Parietal lobe is and does
Area posterior to the central sulcus. Postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex - which receives main input from touch sensations & muscle stretch receptors. and sensory homunculus. Includes area which are relevant for spatial information, numerical information and attentional processes. Lesions in the right PL often result in hemispatial neglect - disregard of the contralesional world.
67
If there is damage to the right hemisphere which visual field is implicated
left
68
Describe what the temporal lobe is
Primary target for auditory information. Left side relevant to understand spoken language. Medial part is about memory, and inferior part deals with complex aspects of vision
69
What part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex and what does it do
Precentral gyrus. Movement control
70
What is the anterior portion of the frontal lobe and what does it do
Prefrontal cortex. Receives and integrates input from all sensory systems. Important for all higher cognitive functions e.g. working memory and planning.
71
Describe the 5 processes in the development of neurons
1. Production of neurons and glia from stem cells. 2. Neurons move toward their eventual destinations in the brain. 3. Growth of axon and then dendrites. 4. Myelination - continues for decades. 5. Formation of synapses - continues throughout life.
72
Are neurons formed after birth
No. UNLESS olfactory or hippocampus neurons
73
How many neurons are produced
About 50% more than needed
74
What results in rearrangement of synapses
Cell death and activity of the incoming axon
75
When can cell death neurons and synapses die
When not activated by experience
76
What does experience lead to
Increased dendritic and axonal branching, synaptogensis and rearrangement of synpases

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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