lecture 4/5

Question 1

macromolecules are

Answer 1

polymers

Question 2

polymers:

Answer 2

large molecules composed of multiple subunits called monomers

Question 3

condensation reactions:

Answer 3

links monomers together to form a polymer (a macromolecule). Produces water molecules

Question 4

hydrolysis:

Answer 4

(water lysis): water is used as a reactant to break macromolecules

Question 5

monomers of carbohydrates

Answer 5

monosaccharides (simple sugars glucose, fructose)

Question 6

polymers of monosaccharides

Answer 6

polysaccharides (ex starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Question 7

primary functions of cellulose

Answer 7

• found in plant cell walls, provides shape and function (strength and rigidity) to plant cells
• also important to people (buildings, heat, tools, paper, clothes).

Question 8

cellulose:

Answer 8

a polymer of B-glucose monomers held together by B-linkage

Question 9

the monomer of cellulose

Answer 9

B - form of glucose

Question 10

why can’t animals digest cellulose?

Answer 10

animals don’t have the digestive enzymes necessary to break B-linkage. Can’t break the cellulose polymer down into B glucose monomers to use for energy.

Question 11

an example of endosymbiotic relationships

Answer 11

cows harbor microorganisms that do have the enzymes to break B-linkage (hydrolyze cellulose)

Question 12

degree of branching for cellulose

Answer 12

a linear “unbranched” mole

Question 13

function of starch/glycogen

Answer 13

storage molecules for alpha glucose (energy storage)

Question 14

starch/glycogen:

Answer 14

polymers of alpha glucose monomers

Question 15

what holds together starch/glycogen?

Answer 15

alpha linkages

Question 16

what makes starch?

Answer 16

plants. it’s an energy storage molecule in plants. later broken down for energy

Question 17

what makes glycogen?

Answer 17

animals. its an energy storage molecule in animals. later broken down for energy

Question 18

degree of branching for starch

Answer 18

moderately branched

Question 19

degree of branching for glycogen

Answer 19

highly branched

Question 20

functions of proteins (5)

Answer 20

• enzymes (speeding up reactions)
• signaling molecules
• signaling receptors
• movement: motor proteins (ex flagella) movement of cells in multicellular organisms
• structural

Question 21

monomers of proteins

Answer 21

amino acid

Question 22

how many unique amino acids are there?

Answer 22

20

Question 23

polymer of amino acids

Answer 23

proteins

Question 24

peptide bonds:

Answer 24

covalent bonds that link amino acids together

Question 25

names of the ends of the protein that aren't covalently bound

Answer 25

amino-terminus | carboxy-terminus

Question 26

all amino acids have

Answer 26

- at least one H - a carboxylic acid - an amino group - R-group

Question 27

what differentiates amino acids

Answer 27

r-group (can be 1 0f 20 different things)

Question 28

monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 28

nucleotides

Question 29

polymers of nucleic acids

Answer 29

dna, rna

Question 30

function of dna

Answer 30

stores genetic information

Question 31

function of rna

Answer 31

involved in the expression of genetic info

Question 32

structure of all nucleotides

Answer 32

- all have a 5 carbon sugar (pentose sugar) - 1 of 2 things attached to the #2 carbon sugar - phosphate group attached to #5 carbon - nitrogenous base

Question 33

what are the 2 different things that can be attached to a #2 carbon of a nucleotide sugar?

Answer 33

- hydroxyl group (OH) -> RNA (ribose sugar) | - deoxyribose (H) ->DNA (deoxyribose sugar)

Question 34

what does deoxyribose mean?

Answer 34

w/o oxygen

Question 35

how many nitrogenous bases does DNA and RNA have (both have them separately)

Answer 35

4

Question 36

phosphodiester bond

Answer 36

holds the nucleotides together

Question 37

what holds the 2 phosphate backbones of DNA

Answer 37

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Question 38

structure of DNA

Answer 38

double stranded, 2 phosphate backbones

Question 39

structure of RNA

Answer 39

single stranded, 1 phosphate backbone