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Developmental Psychology > Lecture 4 - Biological, Motor, ans Sensory Development > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Biological, Motor, ans Sensory Development Flashcards

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1
Q

List the principles of growth

A

Cephalocaudal principle, proximodistal principle, orthogenetic principle

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2
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

A

Growth in a head-to-tail direction

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3
Q

What is the proximodistal principle?

A

Growth from central to peripheral direction

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4
Q

What is the orthogenetic principle?

A

From global to differentiated and hierarchical direction

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5
Q

Why is the pituitary gland the master gland?

A

Triggers the release of hormones from all other glands

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6
Q

Which gland is directly triggering the release of growth hormones?

A

Pituitary gland

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7
Q

What it the thyroid gland?

A

Involved in growth and development

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8
Q

What is the effect of thyroid deficiency during infancy?

A

Intellectual disability and slow growth

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9
Q

Male hormones

A

Testosterone and androgen

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10
Q

Female hormones

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

What is Hebb’s law?

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

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12
Q

Why is repetition important for learning according to Hebb’s law?

A

Neurons that are used repeatedly to perform a function become connected to facilitate performing the function

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13
Q

Explain synaptic pruning

A

Old connections are deleted > Use it or lose it

Account for specializing our brains

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14
Q

Wha is synaptogenesis?

A

Synapse formation

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15
Q

What is myelination?

A

Isolation of neurons

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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17
Q

What is the effect of myelination of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Abstract thinking in adolescence

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18
Q

Why do adults have a better ability to integrate thought and emotions than adolescents?

A

Because myelination continues into adulthood

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19
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Sequential processing, analytical reasoning, language processing

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20
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Simultaneous processing

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21
Q

What is gyrification?

A

Cortical folding; allows foe larger cortical surface area > greater cortical functioning

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22
Q

When do babies stop being able to differentiate sounds?

A

10-12 months

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23
Q

Which brain region has the most prolonged development?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

When is the peak year of synaptic density?

25
What is the sensitive period?
Window of time during which an individual is more affected by experience > higher level of plasticity
26
What is brain atrophy and when does it occur?
Shrinkage of the brain during older age
27
What is the benefit of brain plasticity (in injury)?
Some brain areas can take over the function of other injured areas
28
Which brain structures shrink in older age?
PFC and hippocampus
29
What is the difference between more fit and physically active adults and their less fit counterparts?
More fit older adults have greater brain volumes Greater grey matter value in PFC Greater hippocampal volume > memory
30
Which are the core mechanics of brain development?
Synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination, brain lateralization, gyrification
31
Which are the newborn reflexes?
Rooting, sucking, grasping, moro, babinsky, stepping, diving, tonic neck
32
Explain primitive reflexes
Not clearly useful, remnants of evolutionary history without purpose Forerunner of useful voluntary behavior, that develop later
33
What is the Babinski reflex?
Fanning then curling toes when bottom of foot is stroked
34
Why are newborn reflexes important?
Indicate status of nervous system
35
What is the Moro reflex?
Loud noise or sudden change in position of head causes baby to throw arms outward
36
Why do reflexes disappear?
Automatic processes are replaced by conscious cortical behavior > Spinal cord/brain stem replaced by cerebral cortex
37
Why don't infant reflexes match the definition of a reflex?
Depend on activation status, reactions are adjustable, reactions are influenced by habituation and learning
38
When are fetuses able to discriminate different tones?
4 months
39
What does increased prevalence of impaction mean?
Earwax becomes more concentrated, hard and impacted
40
Hy does hearing become worse in older age?
Collapsed ear canal, increased prevalence of impaction, reduced hair cell population, spiral ganglion cell los (decline in word recognition)
41
Which flavors do newborns prefer?
Sweet
42
What happens to smell and taste in older age?
Decline in sensitivity, production of less saliva, detecting/remembering pleasant odors declines
43
Why might skin-to-skin contact impact brain development?
Makes babies calmer and sleep better
44
When does vision fully develop?
1 years
45
When does form perception develop?
3 months
46
When does meaningful face perception develop?
2-3 months
47
What is social referencing?
Checkin other's emotions when confronted with a new objet/situation
48
What happens to vision during older age?
Swelling of cornea and reduction in cell density, increased intraocular pressure, presbyopia (aging of the eye)
49
What happens with movement during old age?
Balance system decreases, reduction in muscle strength, stiffness
50
When does the release of adrenal hormones begin and peak?
Early 20s
51
What is the peaking of adrenal hormones called?
Adrenache
52
What is the HPG axis?
In charge of increased production of gonadal hormones > responsible for sexual maturation
53
What is the most important force predicting a child's puberty timetable?
Genetics
54
Early developing boys are ___
Socially competent, greater social acceptance | Increased risk of earlier substance abuse and problem behaviors
55
Late developing boys are ____
More anxious, lower elf--esteem
56
Early developing girls are ____
Teased, higher levels of body dissatisfaction, socialize with older peers, higher levels of depression
57
Late developing girls are ____
Outperform peers, anxiety
58
What is menopause and what are its consequences?
End of menstrual period and reproductive cycle. | Female hormone levels decline, depressive mood
59
What is andropause and what are its consequences?
Decrease in testosterone level, low libido, fatigue, erection problems

Developmental Psychology (14 decks)

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