Lecture 4 Clinical Immunology

Question 1

4 cardinal effects of acute inflammation

Answer 1

1. Rubor (redness)- vessel dilation/increased blood flow to site
2. Calor (heat)- vessel dilation/increased blood flow to site
3. Dolor (pain) - pressure on nerve endings/chemical factors
4. Tumour (swelling)

Question 2

Components of acute inflammatory exudate

Answer 2

Salt-containing fluids and proteins

Fibrin- high mol. wt. filamentous, insoluble protein

Neutrophils - phagocytic cells

Macrophages - phagocytes & produce cytokines, 2nd wave response

Dendritic cells - present antigen to T-cells

Lymphocytes (T-cells: ‘cytotoxic’ & ‘helper’)

Question 3

Transmigration of leucocytes during inflammation

Answer 3

1. Mediated by sections on endothelial cells and integrins on leukocytes
2. Leukocytes attracted by chemo lines and cytokines released by tissue macrophages
3. Diapedesis - leukocyte forms psuedopodia and produces proteases to help move between endothelial cells of veins and migrate into the tissue

Question 4

Innate immune response

Answer 4

Initial rapid response; triggers adaptive arm

Triggered by receptors such as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Damage- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Involves phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) cytokines/chemokine production and complement cascade