Lecture 4 Material (Axial Skeleton: Bones and Bone markings)

Question 1

What is the difference between a foramen and a hiatus?

Answer 1

A foramen is a hole and a hiatus is a large hole

Question 2

a) What are the different regions of your vertebrae?
b) How many bones does each region have? (think of the breakfast, lunch, dinner trick the prof taught us to help us remember)

Answer 2

a) Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
b) Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccyx - 4

Question 3

Which two regions of the vertebrae are the fused regions?

Answer 3

The sacrum and the coccyx

Question 4

What is Hypokyphosis? Which region of the vertebrae does it affect?

Answer 4

It is a condition where you end up having a hunched back, it affects the thoracic spine

Question 5

What is Hyperlordosis? Which region of the vertebrae does it affect?

Answer 5

It is an increase of the lumbar curvature, it affects the lumbar vertebrae

Question 6

What does scoliosis affect?

Answer 6

It affects both the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Question 7

What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

Answer 7

The vertebral foramen

Question 8

Where do vertebrae join each other?

Answer 8

At the articular facets/processes.

Question 9

Where do RIBS join vertebrae (the thoracic to be specific)?

Answer 9

At the costal facets

Question 10

What is the difference between the Transverse costal facet and the Inferior costal facet? (Hint: Try to recall what “costal” means)

Answer 10

The Transverse costal facet is attached to the TUBERCLE of the rib. The Inferior costal facet is attached to the HEAD of the rib.

Question 11

Which of the following bones are part of the Axial Skeleton?

A) Clavicle
B) Pelvis
C) Sternum
D) Scapula

Answer 11

C) Sternum.

Question 12

Why do most intervertebral disc herniations happen in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebrae?

Answer 12

Because those regions allow for repetitive flexion which can cause an inflexion and strain the annulus fibrosis of the disc causing a tear, and later a herniation (note that in the thoracic region, the spinous process limits rotation).

Question 13

What is an Intervertebral disc? What are its two parts?

Answer 13

• A disc is a cushion between two vertebrae
• It’s a shock absorber and its two parts are Annulus fibrosis and the Nucleus pulposus

Question 14

a) What does the head of the rib join with?
b) What does the tubercle of the rib join with?

Answer 14

a) The Superior costal facet
b) The Transverse costal facet

Question 15

Why are True ribs called “True” ribs?

Answer 15

Because they are truly directly attach to the sternum and their own costal cartilages.

Question 16

Why are False ribs called “False” ribs?

Answer 16

• Because they “falsely” attach to the sternum. They are actually attached to the lowest True rib, not to the sternum.
• They also don’t use their own costal cartilage

Question 17

a) What bone is this and what view of the bone is it?
b) How can you tell the view of this bone?

Answer 17

a) This is the anterior view of the Sacrum (with the coccyx)
b) You can tell this is the anterior view because you can see the transverse ridges (round-ish ridges coming out going around)

Question 18

a) What bone is this and what view of the bone is it?
b) How can you tell the view of this bone?

Answer 18

a) This is the posterior view of the Sacrum (with the coccyx)
b) You can tell this is the posterior view seeing a few distinct parts:
- The two facets
- The sacral canal at the top
- The median sacral crest (it’s like a spine of the sacrum going down the middle)
- The sacral hiatus!

Question 19

What is a unique characteristic of the cervical vertebrae that is not seen in either thoracic or
lumbar vertebrae?
A. Contains transverse costal facet
B. Presence of transverse foramen
C. Possess short spinous process
D. Absence of vertebral bod

Answer 19

B. Presence of transverse foramen

Question 20

Where is the origin of the levator scapulae?
A) Transverse processes of C5-C7
B) Spinous processes of C1-C4
C) Transverse processes of C1-C4
D) Spinous processes of T1-T3

Answer 20

C) Transverse processes of C1-C4

Question 21

What is the name of the fossa directly inferior to the spine of the scapula?
A) Supraspinous fossa
B) Subscapular fossa
C) Infraspinous fossa
D) Coronoid fossa

Answer 21

C) Infraspinous fossa

Question 22

Which region of the spine is associated with C1 to C7 vertebrae?
A) Thoracic region
B) Lumbar region
C) Sacral region
D) Cervical region

Answer 22

D) Cervical region

Question 23

What is the key feature of Thoracic Vertebrae?
A) Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body
B) Long, sharp spinous process pointed inferiorly
C) A triangular vertebral foramen
D) Short, blunt spinous process

Answer 23

B) Long, sharp spinous process pointed inferiorly

Question 24

1. The (1)___ holds up the head, and the (2)___ allows for rotation in the neck
   A) (1) Hyoid bone, (2) Atlas
   B) (1) Atlas, (2) Axis
   C) (1) Manubrium, (2) Hyoid bone
   D) (1) Mandible, (2) Axis

Answer 24

B) (1) Atlas, (2) Axis

Question 25

The lumbar vertebrae are located directly between which two groups of vertebrae? A) Between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae B) Between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae C) Between the thoracic and coccyx vertebrae D) Between the sacral and coccyx vertebrae

Answer 25

B) Between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae

Question 26

In which region of the spine does the greatest range of motion occur? A) thoracic region B) lumbar region C) cervical region D) sacral region

Answer 26

C) Cervical region

Question 27

What is the main consequence of repetitive flexion in the cervical and lumbar regions? A) increased mobility B) strengthened discs C) improved posture D) herniated disc

Answer 27

D) herniated disc

Question 28

Where does the rib articulate with the vertebrae? A) Inferior articular process and superior articular process B) Transverse coastal facet and superior coastal facet C) Transverse coastal facet and inferior articular process D) inferior coastal facet and superior articular process

Answer 28

B) Transverse coastal facet and superior coastal facet

Question 29

Which term describes the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum? A) Fibrocartilage B) Hyaline Cartilage C) Elastic Cartilage D) Costal Cartilage

Answer 29

D) Costal Cartilage

Question 30

Which kind of the following characteristic feature of a lumbar vertebra? A) Kidney-shaped vertebral body B) Long, sharp spinous process C) Spinous process points inferiorly D) Circular vertebral foramen

Answer 30

A) Kidney-shaped vertebral body

Question 31

What is hyperkyphosis? A) Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine B) Excessive inward curvature of the thoracic spine C) Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine D) Abnormal curvature of the cervical spine

Answer 31

C) Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine

Question 32

Which of the following statements correctly describes the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae? A) The vertebral foramen is triangular, and the spinous process is short and forked. B) The body is massive and kidney-shaped, and the superior facets are directed posteromedially. C) The body is heart-shaped, and the spinous process is long and projects inferiorly. D) The transverse processes are thin and tapered, and the vertebral foramen is circular.

Answer 32

C) The body is heart-shaped, and the spinous process is long and projects inferiorly.

Question 33

Which spinal condition is characterized by an accentuated lumbar curvature? A) Kyphosis B) Lordosis C) Scoliosis D) Stenosi

Answer 33

B) Lordosis

Question 34

The xiphoid process is located at the inferior end of which bone? A) Clavicle B) Humerus C) Scapula D) Sternum

Answer 34

D) Sternum

Question 35

Which of the following pairs are part of the axial skeleton? A) The sternum and clavicle are part of the axial skeleton. B) The scapula and vertebrae are part of the axial skeleton. C) The vertebrae and skull are part of the axial skeleton. D) The radius and ulna are part of the axial skeleton

Answer 35

C) The vertebrae and skull are part of the axial skeleton.

Question 36

Which of the following correctly describes the lamina of a vertebra? A) The bony structure that forms the anterior portion of the vertebral body. B) The thin plate that forms part of the vertebral arch, connecting the transverse process to the spinous process. C) The fibrocartilaginous pad situated between vertebrae that helps cushion and support spinal movement. D) The structure on the lateral side of the vertebra where the ribs attach in the thoracic region.

Answer 36

B) The thin plate that forms part of the vertebral arch, connecting the transverse process to the spinous process.

Question 37

Which of the following erector spinae muscles is found in the lumbar spine? A) Splenius B) Iliocostalis C) Spinalis D) Longissimus

Answer 37

B) Iliocostalis

Question 38

Which of the following is a feature unique to thoracic vertebrae when compared to lumbar vertebrae? A) Heart-shaped vertebral body B) Short, blunt spinous process C) Spinous process points posteriorly D) Triangular vertebral foramen

Answer 38

A) Heart-shaped vertebral body

Question 39

Where does the acromial end of the clavicle connect to? A) Articular facet B) Superior costal facet C) Coracoid process D) Clavicular notch

Answer 39

C) Coracoid process

Question 40

Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius at the elbow joint? A) Trochlea B) Olecranon fossa C) Capitulum D) Coronoid fossa

Answer 40

C) Capitulum

Question 41

What type of vertebrae have costal facets A) Cervical B) C2 C) Thoracic D) Lumbar

Answer 41

C) Thoracic